Vocabulary
This virulence factor is an iron binding molecule that is produced by certain bacteria
Siderophores
This is an organism that transmits an pathogen within its body, allowing the pathogen to multiply to high numbers. What is the term for this organism?
Biological Vector
How many virulence factors are used by bacteria in the Enter phase of disease progression?
None
Hemolysins are examples of what type of toxin? What do they target?
Membrane-damaging toxin and they target red blood cells
What is a virulence factor?
Something bacteria can use to help aid in causing disease
An inanimate object that breaks the skin barrier is called...
Parenteral
What are the two types of direct mechanisms of transfer?
1) Direct contact transmission
2) Droplet Transmission
This type of toxin has no specific target/effect, low potency and only produced by G(-) bacteria.
Lipid A, an endotoxin
Name one difference between Endotoxins and Exotoxins
Exotoxins: Heat sensitive, specific target/damage, high potency, produced by various G(+) and G(-) bacteria
Endotoxins: Heat resistant, no specific target/damage, low potency, only produced by G(-) bacteria
What does infection dose refer to?
How many microbes you were exposed to
inanimate objects that are used during indirect contact transmission is called?
Fomites
What are the three types of indirect mechanisms of transfer?
1) Indirect contact transmission
2) Air transmission
3) Food and water transmission
During which period of acute disease does 3 of the 4 disease progression stages occur?
Incubation period - enter, adhere, and evade happen during this phase
Name 1 of the 3 types of Exotoxins produced by bacteria. What are some characteristics/examples of that exotoxin?
A-B toxin: composed of A part that is the active, toxic portion and B part which is responsible for binding to specific host cells. Examples are neurotoxins, enterotoxins and cytotoxins.
Membrane-Damaging Toxins: caused damage to the membrane of human cells. Examples are hemolysins and leukocidins.
Superantigens: Cause an overstimulation of the immune repsonse.
Explain the illness duration of latent illnesses
Incubation -> Illness -> Convalescence -> Latency -> Recurrence
The recovery time from an illness is called?
Convalescence period
What is the difference between Droplet Transmission and Air transmission?
Droplet transmission is a direct mechanism of transfer that involves large particles.
Air transmission is an indirect mechanism of transfer that involves droplet nuclei
What are examples of virulence factors that are specific to G(-) bacteria in the evade phase of disease progression?
O antigens and streptococcal M proteins
Give 4 examples of virulence factors (external structres) that are involved in the adhere phase of disease progression.
1) Slime Layer
2) Fimbriae
3) Pili
4) Siderophores
What are some examples of how bacteria can enter the body?
Through skin
Through ingestion
Through inhalation
Through mucosal membranes
In what circumstances can opportunistic pathogens cause disease?
-Immunocompromised individuals
-Change to the current location
-Move to a new location
If someone sitting directly behind you sneezes your direction, what type of transmission is this?
Droplet transmission because it involves large particles and close proximity.
What are the 4 steps in disease progression?
Enter, Adhere, Evade, Damage
Name all 15 virulence factors that bacteria and which step of disease progression they fall under
Enter: None
Adhere: Slime layer, Fimbriae, Pili, Siderophores
Evade: Flagella, Axial Filaments, Pili, Capsule, O antigen, M proteins, Catalase, Coagulase
Damage: A-B toxins, membrane-damaging toxins, super antigens (exotoxins), lipid A (endotoxin)
What are some examples of how bacteria can leave the body? (portals of exit)
Vomiting, exhalation, coughing, sneezing, urination....