Skin problemos
What is the differences between mange mites and lice
Mites are rounder and legs around whole body, and burrow into the skin or live on surface - late winter, papules, erythema, scaling, crusting, 2-3 week survival, injectable and topicals depending on the species
Lice are narrower and legs on front half of the body, and live on skin surface
Explain how clostridial bacteria and bacillus anthracis cause sudden death in livestock
They produce spores and survive a long time in the environment, are strict anaerobic organisms, produce very potent exotoxins
Spores are ingested from soil
How does control of milk fever relate to is cause
cows get milk fever when they are low on calcium, so proper diet before calving and after calving can help with reducing its causes
feed a DCAD diet, give oral calcium, restrict calcium before calving
give calcium burogluconate when treating
What are the diagnostic and supplementation strategies to prevent and manage trace minerals and vitamin deficiencies
free choice vs force feeding to provide adequate supplementation
feed test, and do necropsys when necessary
Pathogens involved in BRD - Viruses
BVDV types 1 and 2
Bovine herpes virus 1
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Bovine parainfluenza 3
Bovine coronavirus
Bovine influenza virus d
What are the names and causes of nodules and swellings?
Hypersensitivity/urticaria - drug reaction, allergy, milk allergy = cutaneous reaction to allergic agent
Warble flies - eggs laid on hair and larvae penetrate skin and migrate to spine or esophagus, eventually migrate to subdermal tissue on back
Lumpy skin disease - poxvirus, related to sheeppox
Identify the characteristics clinical signs associated with major clostridial diseases
Blackleg - clostridial myositis = sudden death, hip and shoulder are affected, swollen, edema, sub Q emphysema
Malignant edema - clostridium septicum - depression, off feed, fever, wound is surrounded by swelling, die in 24-48 hours
Clostridium perfringens - pulpy kidney disease = sudden death in good lambs, some nervous signs
Bacillary hemoglobinuria - red water disease = sudden death, off feed, fever, red urine, jaundice
Determine how to identify cows with ketosis
Ketones can be smelt and tested for in the blood milk or urine
Whats the difference between wooden tongue and lumpy jaw
wood - onset drooling or difficulty chewing, enlarged firm abscesses and swelling between lower jaw bones
Lump - associated with roots of the teeth, hard, firm localized mass (feels like bone)
Pathogens involved in BRD - bacteria
Mannheimia haemolytica -
Pasteurella multocida
Mycoplasma bovis
Histophilus somni
Bibersteinia trehalosi
What are the names and causes of papules and pustules?
Papule is a small solid bump, pustule is a small soft bump
Papillomas (warts) - papule = common around sites of skin trauma
pseudocowpox - parapoxvirus
Bovine herpes mammillitis - bovine herpes virus 2 and 4
describe the environmental, nutritional, and management factors that predispose cattle and sheep to clostridial disease and anthrax outbreaks
Spores in soil
Incident that causes anaerobic conditions is a wound of some sort
Excessive feed or milk, sudden diet change
What are the risk factors for LDA in dairy cows
Ketosis is a risk factor
Post-partum
High concentrates, reduced uterine size and others
Explain the pathogenesis of lesions associated with these diseases
injury to gain access to tissue
How do viruses impair defense mechanisms
Damage to the mucociliary apparatus
Can promote adhesion of bacteria to airway epithelium
initiate inflammation
Inhibit/interfere with the immune system
What are the names and causes of scaling and crusting?
Ringworm/dermatophytosis - trichophyton verrucosum
Dermatophilosis - rain scald = dermatophilus congolensis
frostbite - cold
photosentiziation - resembles sunburn, photodynamic agents + UV exposure
What are the appropriate prevention and control measures
Annual vaccination if you can
Proper carcass handing and disposal, predator exclusion, quarantine
Prevention of contaminated feed or areas
Identify the causes and risk factors for vitamin A, selenium, vitamin E, and copper deficiencies in cattle
Vit A - drought with little green grazing, poor quality stored forages, stores are depleted, not enough colostrum
selenium - soils are deficient
copper - low copper in the diet, or interference with copper absorption
Recognize clinical signs and diagnostic features of wooden tongue and lumpy jaw
Lumpy - bumps on the jaw that are hard and dont always have pus
wooden - skin lesions, enlarged lymph nodes
What is BVDV
two types
Can cause primary disease
Causes immunosuppression
Persistent infection
lesions - mucosal disease
What skin diseases are zoonotic
Scarcoptic mange
Pseudocowpox
Ringworm/dermatophytosis
What are the three common transition cow disease and their clinical signs
Milk fever - twitchy, become weaker, lay down and cant rise
ketosis - reduced milk production, twitchy, licking things, smell of ketones, blood, urine or milk ketones
Abomasal disorders - LDA - pinging noise
What are the major clinical signs and production impacts associated with vitamin A, selenium, vitamin E, and copper deficiencies
Vit a - loss of vision, defects in bone growth an modelling, defects in repro, defects in growth and differentiation of epithelial tissues
selenium - cardiac muscle affected, skeletal muscles affected, increased mastitis
Copper - diarrhea, unthrifty appearance, poor weight gains/body condition, hair colour chnages, swollen joints, rear leg weakness, infertility, anemia, decreased resistance to disease
What are the appropriate treatment strategies and prognostic considerations
Lumpy jaw - consider early slaughter - cant reverse
Wood - sodium iodide intravenously
What is bovine herpesvirus 1
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Can cause primary disease
Immunosuppression
High fever, coughing, drooling, and red inflamed nose
Lesions