earthquake
Devastating fires soon broke out in San Francisco and lasted for several days. More than 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city was destroyed. The event is remembered as the deadliest earthquake in the history of the United States. What year did this earthquake take place?
What is the 1906 Earthquake?
True or false: After a fire, there is nothing you can do to help restore the land?
FALSE!!! There are many things that can be done to help restore the land!
Water supply protection - after fires, there is a higher risk of runoff and erosion, which can impact water quality
Strategic reforestation - when reforesting, it is important to plant with fire safety in mind, so planting natives and fire-adapted plants is vital to the restoration and mitigation techniques.
A lot of restoration is used to mitigate future risk!
What is drought?
A drought is a prolonged dry period.
True or false: If you live just inland of a coastal area, you are unaffected by SLR.
False!
What is a heatwave?
a. The first dusting of winter snow.
b. A period of unusually hot weather that typically lasts two or more days, with temperatures outside of the historical averages for a given area.
c. An unusually warm tidal wave after an intense bout of rain.
d. The fuzzy feeling you get after seeing a cat.
B. A period of unusually hot weather that typically lasts two or more days, with temperatures outside of the historical averages for a given area.
What are the two tectonic plates in the San Francisco Bay Area which meet at the San Andreas Fault system?
What is the North American & Pacific Plate
What organizations help with fire mitigation in California?
Mostly indigenous groups perform mitigation techniques, as well as government organizations such as Cal Fire, forest services, Bureau of Land Management.
How do rising temperatures factor into drought?
Rising temperatures cause water to evaporate at a faster rate and this results in the risk of drought increasing.
How much is the sea level expected to rise in SF by 2050?
Between 0.5-0.7 ft
True or False. A heatwave occurs when a high pressure system settles over a region, builds pressure, traps, and accumulates heat.
True!
EARTHQUAKE!! The first person to physically reenact what you are supposed to do during an earthquake gets the points.
Whoever drops, covers, and holds on
What percent of wildfires are due to human activity?
85%!!!!!! Wildfires are often caused by human activity, such as campfires left unattended, the burning of debris, equipment use and malfunctions, negligently discarded cigarettes, and intentional acts of arson. The other 15% are due to natural activity, such as lightning strikes. Another leading factor of forest fires is climate change.
What is one impact of drought?
(Any of these) Agriculture, Farming, Livelihoods, Disease, Death
Which two ice sheets are the most significant to SLR?
Greenland, Antarctic
How does climate change affect heatwaves?
a. Increased frequency
b. Greater intensity
c. Longer duration
ALL OF THE ABOVE
In San Francisco, liquefaction-prone neighborhoods are mostly located on artificial fill, reclaimed land, and low-lying coastal areas with loose, water-saturated soils. Name 2 neighborhoods in San Francisco that would be particularly susceptible.
Marina District, Mission Bay, Treasure Island & Yerba Buena Island, Bayview Hunters-Point, Embarcadero & Financial District, Sunset district
True or False: Forest fires are essential to some plants' reproduction.
TRUE- there are 5 fire adaptations in plants
Burl - a woody structure at the base of plants that contains dormant buds, which allows the plant to regrow after a fire.
Seed bank - A reservoir of seeds stored that can germinate after a fire, ensuring survival
Seed dormancy - A natural delay in seed germination, allowing seeds to remain viable in the soil for long periods until conditions are favorable
Serotiny - A trait in which seeds are stored in cones or seed pods that only open and release seeds in response to the heat of fire
Fire-germination - A strategy where seeds remain inactive in the soil until environmental conditions, such as heat or smoke from fire, trigger germination
Water scarcity impacts __% of the world’s population
40%
Name 2 health-related issues that can arise from SLR.
Spread of disease due to water borne illnesses, spoiled food/contaminated water, respiratory issues from mold, injury or death
Average summer temperatures in California have risen by approximately _ degrees F (_℃) since 1896.
a. 1 degrees F (0.5 ℃)
b. 2 degrees F (1 ℃)
c. 2.7 degrees F (1.5 ℃)
d. 3 degrees F (1.8 ℃)
d. 3 degrees F (1.8 ℃)
Name 4 faults in the Bay Area
San Andreas, Hayward, Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, and Concord-Green Valley faults, San Gregorio, Greenville, Mt. Diablo, and West Napa
What are 2 examples of sustainable mitigation techniques?
Controlled burns and thinning of the forest - these two mitigation techniques are a practice of lighting smaller patches to provide health for vegetation. This practice helps fuel ecological diversity and helps reduce the risk of bigger wildfires. indigenous practices are used to help mitigate wildfires. Controlled burns are a Thinning the forest is a technique where most of the brush and plants on the ground are removed, so the canopy layer is higher and less likely to catch on fire. These two practices are often used together for greater risk reduction.
What are the 4 types of drought?
Meteorological, Agricultural, Hydrological, Socioeconomic
What are three examples of long-term adaptation-oriented solutions for sea level rise?
Land acquisition agreements along coasts, wetland restoration projects, updated building codes for coastal regions, mangrove forests, planting of seagrasses, and protection of infrastructure to limit damage.
What are same ways you can limit heatwave intensity in your home (no tech)?
Open windows at night when temperatures fall/ close windows after morning, once temperatures start rising.
Cover windows with reflective surfaces/ block sun's rays
Thermal chimney effect
Use extra insulation/ seal gaps