Show:
Nervous System
Sense Organs
Endocrine System
Diseases
Drugs
100
Name 3 parts of the diencephalon.
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland
100
What is the normal intraocular pressure? For an extra 100 points, what is the resting potential of a neuron?
12-22 mmhg (mm of mercury). Resting potential: -70 mV.
100
Provide the functions of the hormones stored in the posterior pituitary.
ADH (anti diuretic hormone) - Increases reabsorption of water from kidney's collecting tubules tubules in response to increasing blood osmolality (amount of solute concentration per unit of total volume of blood, blood osmolality increases with dehydration). Causes the kidneys to form more concentrated urine, conserving water. Oxytocin - Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor. Also causes release of breast milk by nursing mother.
100
What is the cause of Goiter and how do you prevent it?
The cause is an iodine deficiency causing constant stimulation of the thyroid gland. An iodine deficiency prevents the synthesis of thyroid hormones which, in turn, results in an excess of thyroid stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. Prevention is eating iodine enriched foods like salt, tuna, eggs, and baked potatoes.
100
What receptors does Marijuana act on?
Cannabinoid receptors
200
What are the functions of acetylcholine and dopamine?
Acetylcholine - Excitatory neurotransmitter. Stimulates muscle contraction; involved in attention, memory, learning, and general intellectual functioning. Dopamine - Inhibitory. Pleasurable sensations involved in voluntary movement, attention, and learning.
200
Provide the 3 of the 5 main types of receptors, along with their functions.
1. Chemoreceptors - Detect chemical concentrations 2. Nociceptors (Pain receptors) - Detect pain or tissue damage, stimulated by lack Oxygen chemicals released from damaged cells and inflammatory cells 3. Thermoceptors – Detect temperature changes 4. Mechanoreceptors – Detect mechanical forces 5. Photoreceptors – Detect light intensity
200
What is the function of calcitonin and what gland is it produced by?
Produced by the thyroid gland. Inhibits release of calcium from bones and regulates calcium levels in blood.
200
What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?
Treatment is by means of insulin administration, either by injection or orally depending on the individual. The amount of insulin must correspond to the amount of carbohydrate intake. Type 1 (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or IDDM) - beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans have suffered damage, usually due to autoimmunity, childhood disease, exposure to toxins, or congenital damage. As a result the pancreas produces inadequate amounts of insulin, sometimes none. Because of this the individual is unable to maintain normal plasma glucose concentration, and is unable to uptake and use glucose in metabolism. Treatment is by means of insulin administration, either by injection or orally depending on the individual. The amount of insulin must correspond to the amount of carbohydrate intake.
200
What neurotransmitter does nicotine affect and how?
It is an acetylcholine receptor agonist (binds to acetylcholine receptors and stimulates the neurotransmitter's actions).
300
What is the function of an astrocyte?
To maintain an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling by removing excess ions and recycling neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission.
300
What is the function of Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens nerve)?
Turns eye laterally
300
Give one example of negative feedback.
1. Low blood levels of T3 and T4 or low metabolic rate stimulate release of TRH. 2. TRH stimulates release of TSH from anterior pituitary. 3. TSH released into blood stimulates thyroid follicular cells. 4. T3 and T4 released into blood by follicular cells. 5. Elevated T3 inhibits release of TRH and TSH
300
What is the treatment for Alzheimer's?
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
300
How does drug addiction affect neurotransmitters?
Increases dopamine levels
400
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Respiration, heart rhythms, and blood glucose levels
400
What are the 3 types of nociceptors?
Thermal, mechanical, and chemical nociceptors.
400
Provide the mechanism of action of a steroid hormone (get 1 point one point extra credit on the Scrimmage test if you get this correct).
1. Hormone diffuses freely into cell where cytoplasmic and/or nuclear proteins serve as receptors. 2. Hormone-receptor complex binds to steroid response element (sections of DNA receptive to hormone – receptor complex). 3. Enters the nucleus where it binds with chromatin and activates specific genes. Genes contain information to produce protein. 4. When genes are activated, proteins are produced.
400
What are the different medical treatments available for glaucoma?
Prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
400
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
It is a chronic memory disorder caused by deficiency of Vitamin B1. Most commonly caused by alcohol abuse.
500
Provide alternate names for sensory and motor neurons, along with their functions.
Sensory (Afferent) - Conducts impulses to CNS Motor (Efferent) - Conducts impulses from CNS to effector (muscle).
500
What is the difference between special and general senses?
Special Senses detect taste, smell, hearing, balance (equilibrium), and sight (found in special sense organs in head region) Somatic senses (General Senses) detect touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and tension on the skin and in internal organs
500
What is the function of the mineralocorticoids?
Regulates reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium by kidneys.
500
What is the classic motor triad of symptoms of Parkinson's?
Muscular rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movements), and resting tremor
500
Provide a few effects of marijuana when consumed in high doses.
Induces hallucinations, creates delusions, impairs memory, and provokes disorientation.