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Patho
Lab
Medical Management
Interventions
Mechanism of Action
100
Insulin was first created in 1922 by this Canadian Doctor.
Who is Dr. Frederick Banting
100
True or false; diabetic ketoacidosis labs would show hyperosomolality?
What is true
100
When a DKA patient is first admitted the immediate medical intervention is this?
What is Fluid replacement (A NS 1 liter bolus should be administered over 1 hour).
100

Name at least 3 complication of diabetic ketoacidosis

What is pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, vascular collapse, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, seizure, shock, decreased LOC, renal failure, cardiac arrest, hypotension

100

What is the mechanism of action of Biguanides?

What is inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and the action of glucagon causing increased glycolysis and peripheral glucose uptake ultimately increasing insulin sensitivity.

200
DKA is more common in this type of diabetes.
What is type 1
200
What would be the pH of a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis?
What is <7.4
200

In the later treatment of DKA, this substance may be added to the IV solution in order to prevent hypoglycemia.

What is dextrose

200

What is the concentration of Na, Chloride and K in 0.9% normal saline? 

What is Na 154, Chloride 154, K 0

200

What is the mechanism of action of Thiazolidinediones?

What is Activating PPAR-gamma (a nuclear receptor) leading to increased insulin sensitivity and levels of adiponectin causing regulation of glucose metabolism and fatty acid storage.

300
This is one of the hormones that is released to promote gluconeogenesis.
What is Glucagon or catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
300

How do you calculate anion gap? 

What is [Na+] - ([Cl-] + [HCO3-])

300

This medication is a cornerstone of DKA/HHS therapy and is given as a continuous infusion.

What is insulin

300
What should be started first- volume replacement or insulin?
What is volume replacement
300

What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonylureas?

What is it increases insulin secretion by closing K+ channels in the pancreatic B cell membrane leading to cell depolarization and insulin release via increased Calcium influx.

400
These are a bi-product of fat tissue breakdown that causes acidosis in the body.
What is ketones
400

What are the 3 ketone bodies are produced and accumulate in DKA?

What is Acetoacetic acid, Acetone, Beta-hydroxybutyric acid 

400

How much does 10 mEq of potassium chloride typically increases the serum potassium level by? 

What is 0.1 mEq/L (approximately)

400

What do you infuse after the blood glucose level is <250mg/dL?

What is D5 half normal saline or D5W

400

What is the mechanism of action of Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors? 

What is it inhibits the intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases causing delayed carbohydrate hydrolysis and glucose absorption leading to decreased postprandial hyperglycemia.

500

DKA and HHS are usually precipitated by stressors that increase the secretion of which hormonal mediators 

What is glucagon, catecholamines, growth hormone, and cortisol

500

What family of medications can cause Normoglycemic DKA

What is Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors

500
The replacement of this blood gas is controversial in the treatment of DKA and is generally not used, but it has been shown to have some effect if the pH is less than 7.0.
What is bicarbonate
500

What is the rate of infusion of IV insulin for DKA? 

What is 0.1 units/kg/hr

500

What is the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors and where (specifically) does it exert its action? 

What is it blocks the reabsorption of glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule.