ABG
What is an approximate measure of bicarbonate on CMP?
Total CO2
What is FEV1? What is FVC? What does the ratio of the two tell us?
FEV1- forced expiratory volume in one second
FVC- forced vital capacity, total exhaled gas volume forcefully expelled in six seconds
Ratio tells us if there is obstruction
What are the most common causes of pleural effusion? Are they transudative or exudative?
Heart failure (transudative)
Parapneumonic (exudative)
Cancer (exudative)
PT evaluates ______ and common pathways while PTT evaluates _______ and common pathways
extrinsic; intrinsic
Variations in RBC size is known as _________ and variation of shape is known as ________
anisocytosis; poikilocytosis
underventilation leads to _______ while hyperventilation leads to ________
respiratory acidosis; respiratory alkalosis
Z scores
Mild-
Moderate-
Severe-
-1.65 to -2.5
-2.5 to -4.0
less than -4.0
What three symptoms are commonly seen in pleural effusion?
dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, dry cough
What are the three hemolysis labs?
What are the normal values for
pH-
pCO2-
HCO3-
PO2-
pH- 7.35-7.45
pCO2- 35-45
HCO3- 24-26
PO2- 80-100
What finding on spirometry would indicate bronchodilator reversibility? What would indicate air trapping?
12% improvement in FEV1 or FVC
z-score of +1.65 on lung volume
What imaging is used to distinguish fluid from infiltrate?
Lateral decubitus XR
In mild liver disease only ______ is elevated due to effect on factor _____, but in severe _____ will also increase
PT; VII; PTT
How long after a bleed will reticulocyte count increase?
2-3 days
Increased HCO3 drives the acid base equation to the ______ leading to _______
left; metabolic alkalosis
What is the characteristic appearance of the flow volume loop in obstructive lung disease?
coving
What pleural fluid tests are most important for determining if it is exudative or transudative?
total protein, serum LDH
heparin is monitored and dosed using ______ or ______, while warfarin is monitored and dosed using ______
INR
G6PD deficiency shows _______ and ______ on peripheral blood cells
bite cells; Heinz bodies
Name three common causes of HAGMA
ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis
What does DLCO testing help distinguish between in obstructive disease? Restrictive disease?
Obstructive- distinguish between emphysema (low) and other causes
Restrictive- distinguish between intrinsic vs extrinsic lung disease
What are the top three things that should be on your differential in an exudative effusion if there is low glucose and low pH?
infection, malignancy, rheumatic disease
What labs are diagnostic when HIT is suspected?
PF4 antibody and serotonin-release assay
The presence of _____________ reflect hyposplenia/asplenia and can be seen in ________
Howell-Jolly bodies; sickle cell anemia