Anti-Ulcer Drugs
I’m beneficial in the treatment of gastric ulcers in animals however we don’t know if I’m effective in the prevention of gastritis. A weakness of mine is I can limit the absorption of other drugs. What am I?
Sucralfate - gastric protectant
Which emetic drug can be administered as eye drops? Only effective in dogs.
Ropinirole - dopamine agonist
Which antiemetic is a dopamine antagonist (a-adrenergic antagonist in vomiting center)? Broad spectrum, can cause sedation and vasodilation.
Acepromazine
Used as a pro kinetic antibiotic; stimulates migrating motor complex (esp. in stomach & small intestine). Often used in horses & dogs; tolerance develops w/ time. Drug? Drug class/mechanism?
Erythromycin
Motilin receptor agonist
Used as an antispasmodic, decreases motility & spasms. Commonly used in horses for colic or spasm-relief. Short acting. What drug or mechanism/class of drug?
Muscarinic receptor antagonist - N-butylscopolammonum (Buscopan)
I am helpful in preventing GI ulcers but I’m not the best choice for treating them. However, don’t give me to pregnant animals as I can increase uterine contractions and lead to possible expulsion of uterine contents. What am I?
Misoprostol - Prostaglandin (PGE) analogue
Which emetic used in dogs that does not work well in sedated and motionless animals? How can it be given?
Apomorphine - dopamine agonist
PO, IV, SC, and conjunctival & gingival membranes (NOT IM)
This is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, effective in cases of vestibular stimulation & CRTZ stimulation. May lead to dry mouth, ileus and urine retention. Which antiemetic am I referring to?
Atropine
Used as a pro kinetic and strongly increases coordinated peristalsis. Acts throughput the GI tract; minimal CNS action and may cause arrhythmias. Drug or class of drug/mechanism?
5-H4 receptor agonist - Cisapride
Used as a pro kinetic &/or antiemetic; stimulates motility (upper GI). Less of a CNS effect compared to metoclopramide. Drug? Class/mechanism?
Peripheral D2 receptor antagonist - Domperidone
I have 3 types, focusing on 2, 1. I can be used for the treatment of gastric ulceration, oesophagitis or gastritis. 2. I have weak antibacterial properties and am cytoprotective. One thing you should know is I can interfere with the oral absorption of other drugs due to chelating effects of magnesium & reduction in stomach acid. What am I? (Name 1 or generic name)
Antacids
1. Aluminum hydroxide
2. Bismuth subsalicylate
3 (Magnesium hydroxide)
Which emetic stimulates the 9th cranial nerve? Why do we exercise extreme caution?
Hydrogen peroxide (3% max)
-aspiration of hydrogen peroxide foam causes severe aspiration pneumonia
This antiemetic is a H2 receptor antagonist and targets histamine receptors; has an antimuscarinic effect and is broad-spectrum. Overall safe but can lead to sedation, which drug is this?
Diphenhydramine (aka. Benadryl)
Used as an anti diarrheal and its main mechanism of action is u-opioid receptor agonist. Reduces peristalsis & fluid loss; contradicted in infectious diarrhea. Decreases motility by inhibiting motility and secretion. Which drug is it?
Loperamide
Used as a pro kinetic &/or antiulcer; mildly increases motility. Enhances ACh action in gut; weaker than neostigmine. Drug? Mechanism?
H2 receptor blocker + weak AChE inhibition
Ranitidine
I can be used in the treatment of cancer, NSAID or stress-induced ulcerations. Be wary as I may lead to hyper secretion of aid in cats with chronic administration. I may lead to intestinal bacterial overgrowth. What am I?
Proton Pump Inhibitor
Omeprazole, esomeprazole, & pantoprazole-dogs & cats
Omeprazole - horses
Which emetics do we use in cats and stimulates the CRTZ? We monitor very carefully as it can lead to sedation and hypotension.
A2-adrenergic agonist - xylazine & dexmedetomidine
Interacts with vomiting center-very effective; has a first pass effect in dogs and cats - SC administration. Good safety profile & broad spectrum;potential lead to analgesia. Which one?
Neurokinin-1 antagonists - Maropitant
Used as a pro kinetic; strong stimulation of peristalsis. Used is postoperative or paralytic ileus; risk of colic or bradycardia. Drug? Drug class?
Neostigmine
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor -> increase ACh at ENS synapses
Used as pro kinetic; increases motility and tone. Mimics ACh; stimulates smooth muscle contraction; may cause cramping or salivation. Drug? Mechanism?
Bethanechol
Direct muscarinic (M3) receptor agonist
I have a good safety record, there are three main drugs under this umbrella/mechanism. Mainly dogs, calves and horses. 1. Additional effect is strengthening the gastric mucosal defenses. 2. Additional effect is stimulating motility & increase gastric emptying & colonic motility via anti-cholinesterase. What is the umbrella term? Or drugs?
H2 receptor antagonist
Dogs: Ranitidine (2) & Famotidine
Calves & Horses: Cimetidine (1) & Ranitidine (2)
NOT EMETIC
I’m useful in the prevention of oesophagitis in cats. What am I?
Sucralfate
Inhibition of D2 dopamine transmission with peripheral effects on the GI tract- increased emptying of the stomach & upper duodenum. Inhibits serotonin receptors. Which antiemetic is this?
Metoclopramide
Used as a pro kinetic &/or antiemetic; increases gastric emptying & intestinal motility. Also increases lower esophageal sphincter tone.
Drug? Class?
(Hint: multiple mechanisms of action)
D2 antagonist, 5-HT4 agonist, 5-HT3 weak antagonist
Metoclopramide
When to NOT increase GI motility?
Mechanical obstruction/foreign body, severe distension, torsion, vovulus, intussusception, ischemic intestine, necrotic bowel, risk of perforation, severe inflammatory ileus w/ compromised wall integrity