Micro-anatomy of the Small Intestines, Pancreas and Liver
These specific cells are Located in the perisinusoidal space and are responsible for storing Vitamin A and repairing hepatic tissue following injury
a. What are Ito Cells
i. What is another name for the Perisinusoidal region? Space pf disse
ii. What are Ito cells also known as? Stellate cells, fat storing cells or lipocytes
iii. How are we able to identify these on histology? By their large lipid vacuoles
An equine veterinarian evaluates a horse with stress-induced gastric ulcers and prescribes this specific class of irreversible drugs to halt acid production
What are proton pump inhibitors?
i. What are the specific proton pump inhibitors? Omeprazole, esomeprazole and Pantoprazole
ii. What is a potential adverse effect observed in cats following chronic administration of these drugs? Rebound Hyper Secretion
1. Second effect = SIBO and inhibits CYP450
A puppy with severe enteritis develops a mechanical obstruction where one segment of its intestine telescopes into an adjacent segment; the inner, telescoped portion is specifically referred to by
What is the intussusceptum
What is the outer segment referred to as? The Intussuscipiens
While dissecting a specific farm animal, a veterinary student notices the liver is well-lobated but lacks a renal impression on the caudate lobe because it is the only domestic mammal where the liver does not contact the right kidney
What is the pig
Which domestic mammal has an asymmetric liver where the right lobe noticeably atrophies with age due to pressure from the right dorsal colon
What is the Horse
A high-producing dairy cow relies on the absorption of acetate, propionate, and butyrate across her rumen epithelium to supply up to 80% of her daily energy demands
What are VFAs
When investigating hypoxic injury to the liver, a pathologist looks closely at this specific numbered zone of the hepatic acinus, because it borders the central vein and is the least favorably situated for oxygen and nutrient supply
What is zone 3
Can you explain zone 1 and 2? Zone 1 is nearest the vascular axis where hepatocytes receive an excellent oxygen and nutrient supply, are also most metabolically active. Zone 2 is the zone of intermediate activity
A dog is rushed to the clinic after ingesting a toxic plant; the veterinarian administers this FDA-approved full dopamine D2-type receptor agonist via eye drops to safely induce emesis within 30 minutes
What is Ropinirole?
i. What is an ocular side effect of administering this specific drug? Transient hyperaemia of the eye, ocular discharge, protrusion of the 3rd eyelid, or blepharospasm
ii. What is the other dopamine agonist? Apomorphine – 5-10 minutes
1. Does not work well in sedated and motionless animals
Judy, a 6 month old Golden retriever presents to your clinic for a possible foreign body. You preform an exploratory surgery and use this to distinguish between the ilium and jejunum.
What is the antimesenteric artery
During a ventral midline incision near the umbilicus, a surgeon encounters this specific liver attachment, which is a remnant of the ventral mesentery and attaches to the diaphragm and abdominal floor
What is the Falciform Ligament
Coronary Ligament- attachment to the diaphragm.
Triangular ligament- left and right, attachment to the diaphragm.
Round ligament- Remnant of the fetal umbilical vein
During a necropsy of a cow found dead in a lush alfalfa field, a pathologist observes a sharp demarcation in the mucosa between the pale distal esophagus and the congested proximal esophagus
What is a Bloat Line?
What is the difference between primary and secondary bloat?
· Primary- Frothy bloat, occurs after being introduced to a new diet, legumes- clover- grain concentrates. Foam mixed with rumen contents physically blocks the cardia
· Secondary- Gas bloat, obstruction- sequelae (failure to eructate)
A histological cross-section of the duodenum reveals these specific extensive tubuloacinar glands in the submucosa, whose alkaline secretions are crucial for neutralizing acidic digesta received from the stomach
What are Brunners Glands?
i. What does Lymphoid tissue is located in the Ileum? Peyers Patches
A dog suffering from NSAID-induced ulcers is prescribed this prostaglandin (PGE) analogue, but the owner is warned not to give it to any pregnant animals due to the risk of uterine contractions and abortion
What is Misoprostol
i. This drug has shown anecdotal benefits in preventing or treating what specific condition in horses? Right Dorsal Colitis
A surgeon performing an intestinal resection and anastomosis on a horse must be careful with the blood supply; while these anastomotic branches provide collateral circulation, the terminal "vasa recti" directly supplying the gut wall do not
What are the Jejunal Arcades?
The jejunal arteries that form these anastomotic arcades branch directly off of which major abdominal vessel? The cranial Mesentaric artery
A cow presents with signs of pericarditis after accidentally ingesting a nail that settled into this cranially located, honeycomb-patterned stomach compartment located near the heart
What is the Reticulum
What is the specific clinical name for the traumatic penetration of this organ by a foreign metallic object? Hardware disease
During a period of low dietary protein, a goat's liver produces a waste product from protein catabolism that is secreted back into the rumen via saliva to supply nitrogen for microbial growth
What is urea
Excreted in kidneys if nitrogen is high, secreted directly or via saliva into the rumen when nitrogen is low
Hepatocytes secrete bile into bile canaliculi, which then join near the periphery of the lobule to form these specific larger canals
What are the Canals of Hering?
Finish the order after the canals- canals empty into bile ductules (within the portal triad). Bile ductules join interlobular bile ducts within the portal canals. These interlobular bile ducts converge to form progressively larger intrahepatic ducts. Intrahepatic ducts finally leave the liver lobes through hepatic
What are the bile ductules and interlobular bile ducts lined by? Bile ductules- Simple Cuboidal and Interlobular bile ducts- Simple cuboidal or simple columnar
To induce emesis in a cat that has swallowed string, the veterinarian must use this specific class of drugs—which includes xylazine and dexmedetomidine—while carefully monitoring for profound sedation and hypotension
What are a2-adrenergic agonists?
i. Which specific area of the brain do these drugs stimulate to induce vomiting? Chemoreceptor trigger Zone (CRTZ)
Explain the primary function of the Exocrine pancreas
Digestion what is achieved through secretions
Amylase → Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Lipase → Aids in fat digestion by breaking triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
Proteases (Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, Carboxypeptidase) → Break down proteins into peptides and amino acid
Burger Patty Moo Moo a 3 week old Herford cow is suckling and drinking milk that bypasses the rumen, reticulum and omasum through this specific structure.
What is the Gastric Groove?
What are the three segments that link to form it? Reticular groove, omasal groove and abomasal groove
A bull develops an asymmetrical abdomen that is markedly distended on the left but relatively normal on the right, which the veterinarian attributes to a Type II failure of omasal transport
What is vagal indigestion
Explain type 1-4 vagal indigestion:
Type 1- Inflammatory lesions around the vagal nerve at any location. Results in a failure of eructation → bloat; “apple” shaped abdomen (symmetrical bloating).
Type 2- failure of omasal transport into the abomasum, papple shaped abdomen.
Type 3- Dietary, Physical impaction of the abomasum by roughage. Abomasal displacements and volvulus.
Type 4- Pregnancy related
In certain species like the horse, the intestinal crypts contain these specific low-number cells filled with abundant eosinophilic granules that release antimicrobial molecules for gut innate immunity
What are Paneth Cells?
Greg a 14yr old chinese crested presents to your clinic for experiencing severe nausea from cancer and you prescribe this drug as an antiemetic.
What is Ondansteron and Dolasteron
i. What drug class are these? Serotonin antagonists
b. What drug is an NK1 Antagonist? Maropitant
You are leading a comparative anatomy review at your clinic involving a cat, dog, ox, horse, and pig. To pass the review, you must correctly explain the specific anatomical differences regarding the presence, relative sizes, and variations of the main and accessory pancreatic ducts for all five of these species
Cat: Large main pancreatic duct, with a small accessory pancreatic duct present in only 20% of individuals.
Dog: Has both ducts, but the accessory pancreatic duct is larger than the main duct.
Ox: Relies on the accessory pancreatic duct, as having a main pancreatic duct is extremely rare.
Horse: Has a large main pancreatic duct and a small accessory pancreatic duct.
Pig: Has only the accessory pancreatic duct
An anesthetized sheep placed in lateral recumbency fails to perform this specific "B-cycle" reflex, leading to a dangerous accumulation of methane and carbon dioxide in the rumen
What is ructus
How frequently do primary mixing contractions (A-cycles) typically occur in a healthy ruminant? About 3 contractions every 2 minutes
A steer that survived a bout of grain overload is sent to slaughter, where inspectors find multiple liver abscesses caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum that translocated from its ulcerated stomach wall
What is Bacterial Rumenitis
What else can cause this? Trueperella Pyogenes