MACRONUTRIENTS & MICRONUTRIENTS
This macromolecule is the most energy-dense nutrient and is required for absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K
What are fats (lipids)?
This amino acid is essential in cats and its deficiency causes retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy.
What is taurine?
Name the radiographic plane where the animal is in dorsal recumbency with the beam entering ventrally.
What is a ventrodorsal (VD) view?
What BCS indicates obesity on the 9-point scale, and why does this put cats at risk for hepatic lipidosis?
What is a BCS >7/9, causing excessive fat mobilization during anorexia?
Which enzyme is most sensitive for cholestasis in cats?
What is GGT?
Name the two minerals most associated with milk formation and skeletal development, and list one major dietary source for each.
What are calcium and phosphorus, with sources such as dairy/legumes for calcium and grains/meat/bone meal for phosphorus?
A young ruminant with head pressing and star-gazing likely has which deficiency and disease?
What is thiamine deficiency causing polioencephalomalacia?
A dog’s gastric axis is displaced caudodorsally on right lateral radiograph. What does this indicate?
What is hepatomegaly?
How much should you increase the BCS target for a ewe carrying twins?
What is an increase of 0.5 BCS units?
Dogs with this pancreatic disorder commonly show weight loss, diarrhea, and a good appetite.
Name the condition.
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?
A cat fed an all-fish, homemade diet begins showing ventroflexion and circling. Which specific deficiency is most likely, and what enzyme present in fish causes it?
What is thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency caused by thiaminase in raw fish?
Indoor piglets with pale skin and weakness suffer from which deficiency, and why?
What is iron deficiency anemia because sow’s milk contains almost no iron?
Name two abdominal organs normally not visible on survey radiographs
What are the pancreas and adrenal glands
Name two ways malnutrition disrupts male reproductive efficiency.
What is decreased libido and reduced sperm quality/production?
This common liver disease in overweight cats is often triggered when they stop eating.
Name the condition.
What is feline hepatic lipidosis?
Weak offspring, stiff muscles, and sudden death in ruminants suggest a deficiency in which nutrient pair?
What are Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency, causing White Muscle Disease?
Zinc oxide ingestion leads to vomiting, diarrhea, and hemolysis. Explain the mechanism.
What is oxidative damage to RBCs causing intravascular hemolysis?
Why is decreased serosal detail normal in puppies?
What is reduced serosal detail from brown fat in young animals?
List three anesthesia risks increased by obesity.
What are hypoxemia, hypoventilation, and airway obstruction?
Name the hepatoprotective drug that acts as a methyl donor and boosts glutathione.
What is SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine)?
Explain the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis from carbohydrate excess and name one hallmark sign.
What is lactic acidosis from rapid fermentation causing rumen stasis and severe diarrhea?
A cow collapses with tetany after grazing lush pasture. Name the nutrient deficiency and disease.
What is magnesium deficiency causing grass tetany?
Describe the normal renal size in dogs and cats on radiographs
In dogs, kidneys should measure 2.5–3.5 × the length of L2, and in cats 2.0–3.0 × L2
A 32-kg dog presents with chronic weight loss and is diagnosed with malnutrition.
Calculate the dog’s Resting Energy Requirement (RER) using the standard formula, and then calculate its MER if the illness factor requires feeding at 1.6 × RER.
RER = 70 × (32 kg)^0.75 ≈ 816 kcal/day, and MER = 1.6 × 816 ≈ 1,306 kcal/day?
Describe how ursodeoxycholic acid works and why it’s contraindicated in biliary obstruction.
What is UDCA replacing toxic hydrophobic bile acids, providing cytoprotection, and contraindicated because it increases bile flow?