Pathogenesis- Stomach
What is a way producers prevent hardware disease in grazing cattle?
In which species is the liver key in processing Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)?
Ruminants
What is unique about cattle gall bladder epithelium?
They have some goblet cells in epithelium
Which species doesn't have a gall bladder? What consequences may arise?
Horses
-gallbladder concentrates bile for fat breakdown for absorption. no gall bladder = malabsorption of fat
What is the main stimulation of the exocrine pancreas?
-> secretin: increase bicarb to reduce acidity
-> CCK: enzyme secretion initiating digestion
What are some clinical signs of Chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy of dogs? Are there specific breeds affected?
-weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting, & hypoproteinemia
-basenji, beagle, boxer, bull terrier, etc.
What is unique about the blood supply to the liver?
Receives highly oxygenated blood via hepatic a. however the hepatic portal vein supplies most of the blood to the liver from the GI tract
What are the main exocrine secretions from the pancreas?
amylase -> carbs
lipase -> triglycerides
Proteases (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, carboxypeptidase) -> proteins
What is an energy source in herbivores that is produced by large intestine?
VFAs
How many times do bile salts circulate?
9-10x
What is a consequence of giving cattle too much grain?
Too much grain or a sudden dietary change to easily fermentable feed or change in volume can lead to lactic acidosis which can lead to rumenitis
LONG TERM REVIEW
There are 3 types of Thyroid pathogenesis, describe them.
Lymphocytic Thyroiditis: Dogs- Hypothyroid
Adenoma: Cats- Hyperthyroid
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome - Non-thyroidal illness
What is unique about the venous return of the small intestine?
Venous return follows satellite veins until gastroduodenal v. & cranial mesenteric v. and they go into the Hepatic portal vein before continuing to heart for recirculation
Which species have a spiral colon? 4 segmented colon?
Ruminants & Pigs
Horses
What are the main functions of bile?
(1) Emulsification: Keeps fat in solution
(2) Micelle Formation: micelles keep end products of fat digestion in solution & help to transport these fat products to mucosa for absorption
For parasitic gastritis in small animals, there are two main parasites we have discussed. Which parasite has a direct life cycle, primary infects wild/feral cats & wild felids. Direct/float = unreliable. Which one is it?
Ollulanus tricuspis
Hepatocytes are polygonal epithelial cells containing many mitochondria, Smooth ER, and Rough ER. What is the significance of hepatocytes containing large amounts of smooth ER?
Smooth ER is responsible for lipid production & detox
There are 4 common pathogenesis of the small intestine (that we have discussed thus far), what are they?
obstructions
hernia/incarceration
intussusception
intestinal anastomosis
Which electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine? Which species utilizes water absorption from the large intestine more than others?
Na+, Cl-, & K+
Horses
In the small intestine, during chemical digestion, what type of transport is utilized during secretion of chloride into SI lumen via CFTR channels?
Secondary active cAMP-dependent secretion
A dead cow was found dead with severe ruminal distension. No distinct bloat line is present. The farmer changed pastures two weeks ago and there is alfalfa in the pasture. What was the reason for bloating?
Postmortem bloating, yes the farmer changed the cows to a pasture with legumes however that was 2 weeks ago. Typically if frothy bloat will occur it will be up to 3 days after new diet.
Explain the 3 zones of hepatic acinus and clinical significance.
Zone 1= high O2 & nutrient supply, most metabolically active
Zone 2= intermediate activity
Zone 3= borders central vein & least in O2 & nutrient supply
*useful when considering liver disease & pathogenesis*
What are some species specific adaptations of the small intestine?
Ruminants: absorbs microbial protein & VFAs
Horses: crucial for protein & fat absorption as hindgut fermenters
Dogs & Cats: highly adapted for protein & fat digestion
Pigs: efficient digestion of both plant & animal components
LONG TERM Review
In diabetes mellitus 1, other than high BG levels, what else would we look for to determine if its sustained hyperglycemia?
Fructosamine
How is bile in the gallbladder concentrated?
Via Na+, Cl-, and H2O reabsorption
conc 5-10x