Pharynx/Esophagus
Which species has a pharyngeal diverticulum?
Which species is an obligate nasal breather?
Pigs
Horses
Which nerve response (sympathetic/parasympathetic) stimulates gastric acid secretion & increases gastric motility?
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic inhibits gastric motility and constricts BV and contracts pyloric sphincter
As of now, there are no proven theories of what causes most gastric ulcers. What conditions are necessary that promote the formation of ulcers?
*all allow pepsin & HCl into submucosa*
-imbalance of acidity & mucosal protection
- normal/high gastric acidity
- local disturbances/trauma
-Steriods/NSAIDs
Which bacteria contributes to Vitamin K and B-complex vitamins in the simple stomach?
E. coli
In rumen stratification, which is the dorsal most layer?
Gas cap
Liquid zone is ventral most
Describe the Palantine tonsils in each species.
Dogs, Cats & Bovine: not clearly visible
Horse & SR: visible
Pigs: not there
Which region of the stomach has the deepest gastric pits in the endothelium?
Pyloric glandular region
Which anti-ulcer drug is not recommended for use in pregnant animals due to increase of uterine contractions? What consequence may happen if given to pregnant animal?
Prostaglandin analog/Misoprostol
abortion may occur
What pathogenesis of which portion in the GI barrier can lead to "leaky gut syndrome"?
Physical barriers -> tight junctions
4 compartments of Ruminant stomach in order of food and functions of that compartment.
Rumen - fermentation due to microbes
Reticulum - sorts ingested material
Omasum - absorbs water, reduces particle size
Abomasum - glandular stomach, secretes digestive enzymes & acid
What are two muscles that constrict the pharynx?
Cricopharyngeus, and thyropharyngeus
What are some functions of the omentum?
-fat storage & energy reserve
-immune & protective function
-infection & wound healing
-lubrication & reduction of friction
Most anti-emetic drugs we discussed are broad-spectrum. Which drug would we prescribe for Vestibular stimulation? What are some adverse effects?
Atropine
AE: Xerostomia, urine retention, decrease stomach emptying, constipation
Which bacteria makes up 98% of the gastric bacterial microbiota in the stomach of dogs & cats?
Helicobacter spp.
How is the abomasum epithelium different from the rest of the compound stomach?
Rumen, reticulum and omasum are non glandular with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Abomasum is the "true stomach" and glandular
Megaesophagus is more common in carnivores. Which dog breeds are susceptible to congenital megaesophagus?
German shepherds, Irish setters, and greyhounds
LONG TERM REVIEW
Within the nephron, in the proximal tubule there are multiple ions secreted from the proximal tubule. One of these being H+, by what mechanism is this secreted?
NHE= Na+/H+ Exchanger (secondary active)
-reabsorbs Na+, secretes H+, and reclaims HCO3
Apomorphine -> dopamine agonist
dogs (not cats)- PO, IV, SC, conjunctival/gingival membranes
doesn't work well in sedated or motionless animals
What makes up the chemical component of the GI barrier?
Prostaglandins and GI enzymes (HCl & bile acids)
There are 3 segments of the gastric groove, what is the significance of the gastric groove in calves?
In calves, milk runs from cardia through gastric groove to abomasum.
Describe the Mechanism of Swallowing
1. Oral
2. Pharyngeal
3. Esophageal
1. Oral: voluntary; soft palate elevates
2. Pharyngeal: involuntary/reflex; bolus stimulates sensory receptors
3. Esophageal: Involuntary; peristalsis
What is the importance of Zymogen cells and parietal cells in the (cardiac/fundic/pyloric) region?
Located in fundic
Zymogen- Pepsinogen -> Pepsin = enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins
Parietal -> HCl = denatures proteins & begins emulsification process of fats
What may lead to gastric ulcers in dairy cattle?
Heavy grain @ parturition
abomasal displacement, BVD, torsion, impaction, lymphosarcoma, and mycotic abomasitis
What are some consequences of GIT barrier disruption?
acute/chronic gastritis, erosins, ulcerations, and progression to autodigestion
LONG TERM REVIEW
Glomerulonephritis is a consequence to recovery from infections. What is the pathogenesis of this? Diagnosis?
High levels of antigens cause antibody formation & complex deposition.
Diagnosis: proteinuria (UPC > 1.0)