Valvular Stenosis
The time interval between the maximum pressure gradient and half of that value.
What is Pressure Half-Time?
This common congenital valve abnormality is a major cause of Aortic Regurgitation.
What is bicuspid aortic valve?
The specific part of the valve leaflet where vegetations usually attach (low-pressure side).
What is the Upstream side (or Atrial side of AV valves/Ventricular side of Semilunar valves)?
The physiologic type of cardiomyopathy where the heart is enlarged and the EF is low.
What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
What is the hallmark structural response of the Left Ventricle to chronic hypertension?
Concentric hypertrophy
This specific transducer is non-imaging and often provides better signal quality for high velocities. Needs to be used in patients with aortic stenosis.
What is a Pedoff probe
High-frequency fluttering of this mitral leaflet on M-mode is an indirect sign of Aortic Regurgitation.
What is the Anterior Mitral Leaflet?
A localized collection of infection/pus within the heart tissue, often seen near the aortic root.
What is an Abscess?
This maneuver is often used during an echo to provoke or increase an LVOT gradient in HCM.
What is the Valsalva Maneuver?
This stage is diagnosed when blood pressure is consistently >140/90 mmHg.
What is Stage 2 Hypertension?
This condition results from increased serotonin and causes thickened, retracted tricuspid leaflets.
What is Carcinoid Heart Disease?
This transcatheter intervention creates a "double-orifice" to treat severe Mitral Regurgitation.
What is Edge-to-Edge Repair (MitraClip)?
This specific M-mode finding indicates the mitral valve is closing before the QRS complex due to severe AR.
What is Premature Mitral Valve Closure?
An infiltrative disease that causes the heart walls to thicken and look "sparkling" on ultrasound.
What is Amyloidosis?
This Doppler ratio compares early mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic myocardial velocity.
What is the E/e' ratio?
The most common bicuspid valve phenotype, occurring in 70-80% of cases.
What is Right-Left Fusion?
This state is characterized by a normal chamber size and sudden, severely elevated filling pressures.
What is Acute Regurgitation?
This behavior is the leading risk factor for right-sided (Tricuspid) endocarditis.
What is IV Drug Use?
A mechanical pump used to support a failing heart, often as a bridge to transplant.
What is an LVAD (Left Ventricular Assist Device)?
To estimate PASP, you add the estimated RAP to the gradient of this regurgitant jet.
What is the Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) jet?
A diastolic rumble with an opening snap on auscultation.
What is Mitral Stenosis?
Chronic volume overload from regurgitation eventually leads to:
What is chamber dilation
Small, fibrous strands that are normal variants on valves but can be mistaken for vegetations.
What are Lambl’s Excrescences?
In HOCM, this phenomenon occurs when the anterior mitral leaflet moves toward the septum during systole.
What is SAM (Systolic Anterior Motion)?
The specific geometry where LV mass is increased and the Relative Wall Thickness is greater than 0.42.
What is Concentric Hypertrophy?