DNA Discovery
Who was given credit for discovering the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
What are the building blocks of DNA?
nucleotides
What enzyme unzips DNA?
What type of RNA carries a copy of DNA’s genetic instructions to the cytoplasm?
mRNA
A 3-base sequence that codes for one amino acid
codon
This type of mutation drastically changes an amino acid sequence
frameshift mutation
Who took key photos of DNA using x-ray crystallography?
Franklin
What are the subunits of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What enzyme adds complementary bases to the old DNA strand to make a new strand?
DNA polymerase
What would be the sequence of the mRNA strand transcribed from the following DNA sequence: TACCATGAGTAGTA
AUG-GUA-CUC-AUC-AUA
A 3-base sequence that is complementary to one of mRNA
anticodon
This type of mutation causes change in one or a few nucleotides in a gene
point mutation
Who performed experiments with mice to prove that a chemical from one cell can transform another cell?
Griffith
What molecules make up the backbone of DNA?
sugar and phosphate
What happens during the first step of DNA replication?
DNA is unzipped (the two strands are separated by breaking the hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases).
What is the function of tRNA?
transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation
What happens during transcription AND where does it take place?
DNA is copied into mRNA; happens in the nucleus
This is the process by which a less specialized cell develops to possess a more distinct form and function
cell differentiation
Who used bacteriophages to show that DNA is the genetic material, not protein?
Hershey and Chase
What type of bond holds the DNA backbone together AND what type of bond holds the nitrogen bases together?
Backbone - Covalent (strong)
Nitrogen Bases - Hydrogen (weak)
What happens during the second step of DNA replication?
Each original strand is used as a template to build a new strand.
What are the functions of rRNA?
reads mRNA, directs tRNA, bonds amino acids together
mRNA is used to make a polypeptide (long chain of amino acids); happens on the ribosome in the cytoplasm
This term describes the process in which a cell determines which genes it will or will not express (turn on or off) and when
gene regulation
Who used enzymes to prove that DNA is the transforming factor?
Avery
The nitrogen bases can be grouped by structure. What group do each of the bases belong to?
Adenine and Guanine are Purines.
Cytosine and Thymine are Pyrimidines.
DNA replication is semi-conservative. What does this mean?
Each new DNA molecule is made of one old strand one new strand.
Name 3 ways that RNA differs from DNA.
RNA is single-stranded; made with ribose sugar; has the base Uracil
What amino acid sequence would be translated from the following mRNA strand: GUACGCAUACCCUGG
VAL-ARG-ILE-PRO-TRP
The study of how environmental and lifestyle factors can alter gene behavior without changing genetic makeup
epigenetics