nucleotides
What kind of base is adenine?
purine
What does cytosine pair with?
Guanine
How many bonds and rings is adenine?
2 bonds, 2 rings
Where does helicase bind?
origin of replication
What is the leading strand?
The strand that is copied in the direction of 5' to 3' , moving towards the helicase
aka the daughter strand
State the two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
What are the pyrimidines?
cytosine, thymine, uracil
How many bonds and rings is thymine?
2 bonds, 1 ring
What is the daughter strand?
new strand, 5' to 3' end
What is the lagging strand?
The strand where DNA replication moves away from the replication fork, the 3' to 5' end
aka the parent strand
State the names of the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA
Purine: Guanine and Adenine
Pyrimidines: Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil
What is a pyrimidine?
single-ringed nitrogenous base
How many bonds and rings is cytosine?
3 bonds, 1 ring
What is the parent strand?
original strand of DNA, 3' to 5' end
What does DNA Polymerase III do?
adds DNA nucleotides to RNA primers in a 5' to 3' direction
Outline the parts of a nucleotide
Deoxyribose, phosphate group and nitrogenous base
what is DNA Ligase
A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.
How many bonds and rings is guanine?
3 bonds, 2 rings
What does topoisomerase do in DNA replication?
corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
What does helicase do in DNA replication?
unwinds DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds
Explain how nucleotides can connect to form a nucleic acid polymer
covalent phosphodiester bonds between the deoxyribose of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide in a condensation reaction.
Outline the formation of a DNA double helix by hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases
The bases of one strand bond to the bases of the second strand with hydrogen bonds.
Adenine always bonds with thymine, and cytosine always bonds with guanine.
The bonding causes the two strands to spiral around each other in a shape called a double helix.
How many bonds and rings is uracil?
2 bonds, 1 ring
What do single-stranded binding proteins do?
prevent strands from reannealing, keeps strands apart and stabilize the unwound DNA
What do primers do in DNA Replication?
RNA nucleotides act as primers for DNA that bind with complementary base sequences using RNA primase.