Biotechnology, DNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations

Who's Your Daddy

100

The first step of DNA fingerprinting/profiling

DNA extraction

200

Makes millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA segment

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

300

Non-coding regions of DNA with repeats around 3-7 base pairs in length such as GATTACAGATTACAGATTACA

What are Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)?

400

During gel electrophoresis, explain two factors that affect how and why DNA fragments move through the gel.

1. The charge of the DNA fragments - DNA is negatively charged so all fragments move toward the positive electrode

2. The size of the DNA fragments - smaller fragments move faster and therefore farther

500

5 applications of DNA Fingerprinting

1. Forensics

2. Paternity testing

3. Identify human remains

4. Identify genetically modified organisms

5. Determine evolutionary relationships among organisms

Mama needs a new pair of Jeans

100

An organism with one or more genes from another species

Transgenic organism

200

A circular piece of DNA naturally found in bacteria, often used as a vector to deliver genes into host cells.

Plasmid

300

In CRISPR gene editing, this molecule directs the editing machinery to a specific DNA sequence by matching its bases to the target.

What is guide RNA?

400

In the CRISPR system, this enzyme acts as molecular scissors, cutting DNA at the location specified by the guide RNA.

What is Cas9?

500

 

In reproductive cloning, the nucleus from a body (somatic) cell is transferred into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed in a process called____.

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

Double Trouble

100

A sequence of DNA that carries the coded instructions for building a polypeptide/protein.

What is a gene?

200

What is the backbone of the DNA strand made up of? (2 molecules)

deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

300

The type of bond that holds bases together in the double helix.

Hydrogen Bonds

400

What DNA is included in the genome of an animal cell?

Nuclear DNA

Mitochondrial DNA

500

A woman is suing a man for child support. The man claims the baby is not his. A paternity test is performed to compare the baby's DNA with the man's DNA. What would a positive test result look like?

The results of the DNA fingerprinting will show half the bands from the mother and half from the father. 

If the man is the father, every band in the baby's DNA profile that does not match up with the mother's DNA bands must match the man's DNA bands. 

Crack the Code

100

Transcribe the following DNA sequence:

ATGCATGGC

UACGUACCG

200

What are the two steps of Protein Synthesis called, IN ORDER.

Transcription, Translation

300

In translation the mRNA strand binds to the ribosome and brings in tRNA, what is being made?

polypeptide

400

In order to release the amino acid from tRNA, the ________ on the mRNA and the __________ on the tRNA must connect.

codons, anti-codons

500

What are these 3 types of RNA and what do they do?

A. rRNA: builds the structure of the ribosome and helps to form the peptide bonds that hold amino acids together.

B. tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome.

C. mRNA: brings the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm/ribosome

Protein Making Machine

100

Translation takes place when the mRNA leaves the nucleus, goes into the cytoplasm and heads to a  __________.

Ribosome

200

What is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

300

During Transcription, what enzyme reads the DNA template strand and converts it to mRNA?

RNA Polymerase

400

What mRNA codon(s) would translate to Serine?

UCU

UCC

UCA

UCG

AGU

AGC

500

What are the 3 amino acids associated with the following DNA sequence?

TAC  TGT  AAA

AUG: Met - Start

ACA: Thr

UUU: Phe

Needs Grammarly

100

True/False: a mutation always changes a trait in the organism

False - a mutation is a change in the base-pair sequence and it may or may not cause a change in a trait

200

What are substances or agents that cause mutations called?

Mutagens

300

When bases are inserted or deleted it causes a ___________. This causes all of the codons "downstream" to change, greatly changing the amino acid sequence in a protein. 

frameshift

400

What is the only type of mutation that can be inherited?

Gametic mutation

500

Describe what type of mutation results in:

1. Different base(s), same protein

2. Different base(s), different protein

3. Different base(s), non-functioning protein; early STOP codon

1. Silent

2. Missense

3. Nonsense