DNA
Name the four DNA bases and how they match up.
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
A-T, G-C
What is a long string of amino acids called?
Polypeptide
This enzyme synthesizes a new DNA strand based off of a template DNA strand.
DNA polymerase
What is the purpose of transcription?
Create an mRNA molecule from a template DNA molecule.
What is the purpose of translation?
Translation occurs to translate mRNA to protein.
What shape does a double strand of DNA make?
Helix
Name three functions of proteins in the body.
Mechanical, Structural, Enzymes, Cell Signaling, Immune system
New nucleotides must always be added to this end of DNA.
3'
What enzyme is needed in transcription?
RNA polymerase
Where does translation occur?
In ribosomes in the cytoplasm
This type of bond holds complimentary bases together.
Hydrogen bond
How many amino acids do humans have?
20
This phrase is used to describe DNA replication because each new double-stranded DNA molecule has part of an old one.
Semi-Conservative
What bases are used to create mRNA?
A, U, G, C
What is the molecular translator of translation (reads mRNA and translates it to amino acid)?
tRNA
What does DNA stand for and and what are the three components of a nucleotide?
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
Phosphate group, sugar group (ribose), and nucleic acid base
What are the 3 groups of an amino acid?
Amino group, carboxyl group, R group
This strand in DNA replication must be synthesized in the opposite direction that the replication fork moves.
Lagging strand
This step of transcription lengthens the mRNA molecule from the complimentary DNA strand.
Elongation
Name the start codon in mRNA and a stop codon.
AUG start, UGA UAG UAA stop
Name 3 reasons why DNA a good molecule for inheritance.
It is replicable, stable, and express-able.
Describe the four structures of a protein.
Primary: polypeptide chain
Secondary: alpha helices and beta sheets
Tertiary: more complex folds between the alpha helices and beta sheets
Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains come together to form one protein
Explain what Okazaki Fragments are and how they are repaired to form a final DNA strand.
Okazaki fragments are fragments of DNA on the lagging strand. They are repaired by DNA ligase, which connects the separate fragments.
What is the first step of transcription, and what occurs during it?
Initiation, where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA and separates the 2 strands of DNA.
Translate this sequence of nucleotides to amino acids: AUGUUGACUGGCUAA
Met, Leu, Thr, Gly, stop