Easy
What does the acronym DNA mean?
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid
What happens in the elongation stage of replication?
A new DNA strand is made, using the original one as a template.
Bonus!
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Explain the main difference between leading strand and lagging strand.
A: Leading strands are continuously synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction, while lagging strands are built out of Okazaki fragments that are later joined by polymerase-ligase reactions.
Name the structure of the DNA (what is it made of?)
A: Nucleotides: A sugar, a phosphate and a base.
Name the bases and its pairs, in DNA and RNA
Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine in DNA, Adenine-Uracil and Guanine-Cytosine in RNA
In what step of the replication process does Okazaki fragments appear?
Elongation
RNA primers are the starting blocks of DNA replication. What happens to these primers at the ending stages of replication? Explain the enzyme involved in its digestion.
A: DNA polymerase I. After DNA polymerase III joins free nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ ends, this enzyme comes in and eliminates the RNA primers to replace it with free nucleotides, so it becomes 100% DNA.
Name the bases and its pairs from the DNA and RNA
A: Adenine- Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine
What are the two directions of DNA strands?
5' to 3' carbons and 3' to 5' carbons
5' to 3' end
Bonus!
+300 pts
Name the three stages of the DNA replication
A: Unwinding, Elongation and Termination
What is the name of the sugar in DNA and in RNA?
RNA: ribose
DNA: deoxyribose
Name the linking enzyme that synthesizes a covalent bond between the 5' and 3' end of nucleotide fragments.
DNA ligase
In RNA, one of the four bases is replaced with uracil. Therefore, translate the following DNA code into RNA and explain what changed in the coding:
ATTCGATTCCGGATCGA
A: AUUCGAUUCCGGAUCGA; thymine is replaced with uracil in RNA.
Draw in the board the structure of the DNA and its components
What is the function of helicase?
Breaking down hydrogen bonds in DNA to unzip it.
Following the base pairing and directionality rules, what would be the complimentary strand of 5’-CGCATGTAGCGA-3’?
A: 3’-GCGTACATCGCT-5’
DNA polymerase is a heat-resistant enzyme, while DNA ligase is not (its optimal temperature is 37 degrees C). State what would happen in a lagging strand synthesis at 90 degrees Celsius.
A: it would be incomplete, since synthesis requires both the polymerase and the ligase to complete. Without ligase, the Okazaki fragments cannot join and are left as separate strands.