Vocabulary
Define translation
When ribosomes create amino acids based on the codons from the mRNA
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
What type of mutation removes a segment or a nucleotide from the DNA strand?
Deletion
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single. RNA replaces DNA's Thymine with Uracil.
No matter how many times replication occurs, how many original strands of DNA will be present in the "daughter DNA's"?
2
Define transcription
When the DNA is "re-written" and copied into mRNA
Where does translation occur?
Cytoplasm and Ribosomes
What type of mutation places an additional nucleotide into the DNA strand?
Insertion
What nucleotide does cytosine pair with?
Guanine
Transcribe the following DNA strand: GCT ATT ACG GTA
mRNA: CGA UAA UGC CAU
Define semi-conservative
DNA replication where the resulting DNA (daughter DNA's) contain one strand from the original DNA, and one new strand that is a "copy".
What is the product of translation?
amino acids/proteins
What type of mutation is caused by the replacement of a single, or a set of nucleotides with different nucleotides?
Substitution/point mutation
What is the outer structure of both DNA and RNA?
DNA: phosphates and deoxyribose sugars
RNA: phosphates and ribose sugars
Translate the following DNA strand: GCT GTA ACG ATT (pull up the codon chart on your Unit 4 Study Guide)
mRNA: Arginine, Histidine, Cysteine, Stop
Define/describe double helix
the shape of DNA; two strands that are twisted around together, similar to a "twisted ladder"
What is the product of transcription?
mRNA
What is the process of crossing over?
When chromosomes trade segments of DNA before the cell divides and chromosomes are split between daughter cells, creating greater genetic variability
If a sample of DNA contains 22% thymine, what percent of adenine would be present?
22%
Transcribe the following DNA strand: GCG GGG CCA TAA TAT
mRNA: CGC CCC GGU AUU AUA
Replication is where DNA creates extra copies of that exact DNA for the purpose of cellular division (mitosis), and transcription creates mRNA copies of DNA for the purpose of amino acid and protein creation by the ribosomes.
Describe the 5 steps of Central Dogma (DNA translation)
1. DNA transcribes to mRNA
2. mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm
3. mRNA attaches to ribosomes
4. tRNA "decodes" mRNA
5. Ribosomes produce amino acids/proteins based on mRNA codons
Where must mutations occur in order to be inherited?
On the DNA in the gametes
If a sample of DNA contains 37.4% cytosine, what percent would you observe for adenine, thymine, and guanine?
Adenine - 12.6%
Thymine - 12.6%
Guanine - 37.4%
Translate the following DNA strand: GCG GGG CCA TAA TAT (use the Codon chart from your Unit 4 Study Guide)
mRNA: Arginine Proline Glycine Isoleucine Isoleucine