DNA Structure
What are the four nitrogen bases that makeup DNA?
Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), and Thymine (T)
Which is the DNA complement of ATA GCG GCC?
TAT CGC CGG
What two organelles are involved in protein synthesis?
ribosome and nucleus
Which process produces mRNA?
transcription of DNA during protein synthesis
What is a change in DNA that can change base/codon sequence, protein function, and/or phenotype?
mutation
What 2 molecules makeup DNA's "backbone" (2 long strands)?
alternating phosphates and ribose sugars
What enzyme is involved in the first step of DNA replication?
helicase
When undergoing protein synthesis, what is the complementary sequence for TAC?
AUG
During protein synthesis, the RNA sequence UAC GAU CUA, is produced from the DNA sequence ATG CTA GAT. Which process is occurring?
transcription
List an environmental mutagen
UV rays
Toxins in air, water, food...
Radiation
Smoking/vaping/drugs/alcohol
Poor diet
Which nitrogen base is present in RNA but not DNA?
Uracil (U)
During DNA replication, the DNA template is exposed to show the sequence ACG–AAT. Which bases would be arranged on the complementary strand?
TGC–TTA
What is the relationship between an organism’s DNA and protein produced by the ribosomes?
DNA determines the amino acid sequence of each protein.
Which of these shows the correct order of processes in molecular biology?
DNA to protein to RNA
RNA to protein to DNA
DNA to RNA to Protein
Protein to DNA to RNA
DNA to RNA to protein
What is the relationship between genetic mutations and DNA?
Changes in DNA lead to genetic mutations.
Which type of bond allows DNA to be easily replicated?
hydrogen bonds
What happens to DNA during the first step of replication?
helicase unwinds and unzips the double-stranded DNA molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
What is the relationship between transcription and translation?
Transcription produces the message that translation uses to make a protein.
Describe the process of translation?
mRNA is used by ribosomes to make proteins from chains of amino acids
How many amino acids are affected by the deletion of one nitrogen base?
from the point of change, amino acids will be affected
Why did we have to crush the strawberry and use detergent to extract the DNA?
to break open the cell walls and dissolve the cell membranes and nuclear membranes to get to where te DNA is stored
What does DNA polymerase do during replication?
Rounds up the free-floating nucleotides and arranges them on the new DNA strand to match their complementary base pair
Use your codon chart that shows which amino acids are produced from different combinations of mRNA. Which amino acids will be coded for the mRNA sequence? UUU-CCU-CGU
Phenylalanine (Phe) - Proline (Pro) - Arginine (Arg)
What is the amino acid sequence produced by the DNA sequence GTT TTC ATA?
Glutamine (gln) - Lysine (lys) - Tyrosine (tyr)
During replication, a mutation occurs in a segment of DNA.
Original Sequence: ACT GAA TCA GTA Replicated Sequence: TGA CTT AAG TCA T
Which mutation has most likely occurred?
frameshift by insertion on codon 3