DNA & RNA
never leaves the nucleus!
DNA
This process uses mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins
translation
This type of mutation adds extra nucleotides into a DNA sequence and often causes a frameshift.
insertion
One nucleotide is made of these three parts
- phosphate head
- sugar (ribose)
- nitrogenous base
This genetic condition occurs when chromosome 21 has three copies instead of two
down syndrome
This molecule carries and transports the instructions needed for protein production
mRNA
This process converts DNA information into mRNA
transcription
This mutation changes one DNA base but often has minimal impact on the resulting protein.
substitution
Selective breeding of dogs like poodles is an example of this type of human-directed evolution
artificial selection
The sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for an amino acid is called this
Codon
Name one nitrogenous base found in RNA but not DNA.
uracil
This cellular structure reads mRNA and builds proteins
ribosome
UV radiation from sunlight can damage DNA and lead to this disease.
skin cancer
Name three different traits can be modified in GM crops
- increase nutritional value
- increase shelf life
- increase pest / pesticide resistance
- increase tolerance to extreme weather conditions
- increase yield per plant
etc
Humans normally have this many pairs of chromosomes
23
This enzyme “unzips” the DNA double helix
helicase
These molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
tRNA
A mutation that changes a codon but still produces the same amino acid is called this.
silent mutation
This is a vital advantage of non-GM "organic" crops over GM crops
genetic variety!
DNA replication occurs during this major stage of the cell cycle before division
interphase
This enzyme creates RNA primers so replication can begin
primase
This enzyme builds the new DNA strand by adding complementary nucleotides
DNA polymerase
This type of mutation shifts the entire reading frame of a gene.
frameshift mutation
a revolutionary, fast, and precise gene-editing technology that allows scientists to modify DNA in living organisms
CRISPR
Observable characteristics like eye color or height are determined most directly by these molecules
proteins