DNA
The shape of a molecule of DNA
double helix
The first step in DNA replication
DNA unwinds and unzips
What does protein synthesis mean?
Making protein using a strand of DNA
What describes a mutation that helps an organism to survive and reproduce?
beneficial mutation
A cell with a nucleus and organelles with membranes
eukaryotic
What are the rules of complementary base pairing?
A-T
C-G
When does DNA replication happen?
Before a cell divides
What does the process of transcription result in?
a copy of DNA (mRNA)
What happens to the reading sequence when there is an insertion or deletion?
frameshift
The powerhouse of the cell
The mitochondria
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, base
Which enzyme unzips DNA?
helicase
Translation involves reading letters three at a time. What are these referred to as?
codons
The function of the cell membrane
To control what goes in and out of the cell
What describes the fact that one side of DNA is in the opposite orientation to the other?
antiparallel
What is linked in the last step of DNA replication?
The sugar phosphate backbone
RNA has 1 strand while DNA has two strands
RNA has the base U, while DNA has the base T
RNA can leave the nucleus, while DNA cannot
RNA uses the sugar ribose, while DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose
When does a gene mutation usually occur (during which process)?
DNA replication
Which organelle makes ribosomes?
the nucleolus
What is the relationship between DNA, chromatin and chromosomes?
DNA wraps up intro chromatin, chromatin wraps up into chromosomes
Which enzyme matches bases and proofreads for mistakes?
polymerase
What are two things DNA replication and transcription have in common?
- they start with DNA being unwound and unzipped
- they use complementary base pairing
- they happen in the nucleus
- they copy DNA
A chromosomal mutation usually occurs during which process?
Meiosis
What is the relationship between DNA, the ribosome, and vesicles?
DNA gives the instructions for how to make protein, the ribosome makes the protein and the vesicles transport the protein