Think fast!
This enzyme separates the DNA strands at the replication fork.
What is helicase.
This strand is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork.
What is the leading strand?
This is the main enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication.
What is DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase can fix mistakes it makes during replication using this activity, in this direction.
What is proofreading in the 3' to 5' direction
This short sequence is essential for DNA replication, as it provides a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin adding nucleotides.
What is an RNA primer?
This enzyme relieves tension ahead of the replication fork caused by unwinding.
What is topoisomerase (or gyrase)
This strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments.
What is the lagging strand?
This is the direction in which DNA polymerase adds nucleotides.
What is 5' to 3'?
This short, repeating DNA sequence found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes protects genetic material from degradation during replication.
What is a telomere?
DNA replication is often called this kind of process because each new DNA molecule keeps one old strand and adds one new one.
What is semiconservative?
This enzyme synthesizes short RNA sequences to begin replication.
What is primase?
These short DNA segments make up the lagging strand.
What are Okazaki fragments?
CGGATTACGAT
What is ACCTAATGCTA?
This repair process removes damaged bases that do not distort the helix and replaces them.
What is apoptosis (programmed cell death)?
To keep DNA from snapping back into a double helix while it's being copied, these proteins bind to the single strands—think of them as molecular paperweights.
What are single-strand binding proteins (SSBs)?
DNA polymerase I replaces _______ with ________.
RNA primers
DNA nucleotides.
The leading and lagging strands are made differently because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in this direction.
What is 5' to 3'?
This enzyme primarily functions as a backup enzyme and plays a role in DNA repair, particularly in response to DNA damage or when stalled DNA replication needs restarting
DNA polymerase II
This process, triggered by shortened telomeres after repeated cell divisions, leads to a permanent cell cycle arrest and is constantly inflamed.
What is cellular senescence?
Which scientists won Nobel Prizes for their discoveries that helped in the understanding of the structure of DNA and its role in heredity?
Who are James Watson and Francis Crick.
DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments by forming what type of bonds between fragments?
phosphodiester bonds
In eukaryotic cells, multiple replication forks are active simultaneously to copy large genomes efficiently. These simultaneous regions of replication form structures collectively known as this.
What are replication bubbles?
DNA polymerase requires this structure to begin synthesis.
What is a free 3' hydroxyl group (OH)?
This protein complex removes RNA primers from Okazaki fragments and replaces them with DNA. In eukaryotes, it works in coordination with flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) and DNA ligase I to ensure strand continuity.
What is DNA polymerase δ?
These small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA and are often used in genetic engineering to carry foreign genes.
What are plasmids?