DNA
The sugar that is part of DNA
What is deoxyribose?
The sugar found in RNA
What is ribose?
Translation of mRNA to proteins happens here
What is the ribosome?
Mutations can fall under these two categories:
What is a gene or chromosomal mutation?
The building blocks of proteins
What are amino acids?
The four nitrogen bases of DNA
What are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine?
The sequence of nucleotide bases on mRNA that would complement the following bases on DNA: A T T C G C A G T
What is U A A G C G U C A?
DNA is copied into a strand of RNA during this step of protein synthesis
What is transcription?
A point mutation is when there is a change in just a single nucleotide base. There are three types of point mutations, called:
What is an insertion, deletion, and substitution mutation?
The bond that links amino acids together
What is a peptide bond?
The three parts of the DNA nucleotide (building block)
What are deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group?
tRNA carries these two things to the ribosome in order properly build a protein
What is an amino acid and the anti-codon?
Anticodons and amino acids are found on this molecule.
What is transfer RNA?
In this type of mutation, one base is changed to a different one.
What is a substitution mutation?
The enzyme that "unzips" DNA, breaking the hydrogen bonds between the two strands
What is helicase?
The two things that happen in the nucleus involving DNA
What is DNA replication and transcription?
RNA must be edited before it can escape the nucleus. These portions of the mRNA are spliced out during RNA editing.
What are introns?
What is the anticodon for CAG?
What is GUC?
In this point mutation, a single extra base is added into the code
What is an insertion mutation?
Special proteins bind to this region in gene regulation so that DNA polymerase can begin transcription.
What is the TATA box?
DNA nitrogenous bases are paired together through this bond. (must provide how many bonds in each base pair as well)
Hydrogen bond
G-C: 3 H bonds
A-T: 2 H bonds
THREE differences between the structure of RNA and DNA.
1. DNA is double stranded vs RNA single stranded
2. RNA has a sugar ribose and DNA has a deoxyribose sugar
3. RNA has the base Uracil and DNA has the base Thymine
The stop codons in mRNA are
What is UAA, UAG, UGA?
In this chromosomal mutation, part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
What is a translocation mutation?
A disease that results in a change in the shape of hemoglobin in red blood cells due to a point mutation that occurs
What is sickle cell disease?