DNA characteristics
Nitrogenous bases in DNA
What are A, T, G, C
DNA synthesis occurs in both directions at once (term?)
what is bidirectional
DNA strands are synthesized in a ____________ direction only
what is 5' - 3'
Genes must encode for __________
what is enzymes/proteins
three base code/triplet code
what is a codon
= group of three bases that specifies a particular amino acid
Nitrogenous bases in RNA
what are A, U, G, C
DNA helicase
separates the two DNA strands by catalyzing the breaking of hydrogen bonds
The information encoded in DNA is not directly translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins, it must be read by some intermediate molecule and then translated into proteins
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
the triplet code is __________
what is redundant
= 64 possible codons and only 20 different amino acids (some amino acids are specified by more than one codon)
What bonds form between complement nitrogenous bases?
what is hydrogen bonds
Topoisomerases
DNA polymerase I
transcription
what is the process of using DNA template to make complementary RNA (making a copy of information)
Requirements for transcription
what are:
1. template strand of DNA
2. RNA polymerase as enzyme
3. ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)
Defining characteristic of tertiary DNA structure
what is double helical DNA forms supercoils by wrapping around histone proteins
DNA polymerase III requires a ________ to begin synthesis
what is a primer
= small oligonucleotide bonded to the template strand
Lagging strand is synthesized in a __________ manner
what is discontinuous
translation
what is the process of using information in mRNA to synthesize proteins (interprets nucleotide "lanuage" to amino acids)
Function of sigma
What is, the core RNA polymerase binds with a regulatory proteins called Sigma to form a holoenzyme. Sigma guides RNA polymerase to bind to a site on the gene called the promoter so that RNA polymerase can begin transcription
DNA is replicated/synthesized in a ___________ mode
= each strand independently serves as a template
Primase
Okazaki fragments
phenotype is determined by
what is product/outcome of the proteins it produces
- genotype is determined by the sequence of bases in its DNA (genes)
During elongation polymerization continues in a ________ direction
what is 5' - 3' direction