Structure and Function of DNA
What does DNA Replication mean?
To make a copy of the DNA
A single stranded piece of a DNA has the following bases: ACTGAG. What is the matching sequence on its RNA transcript?
UGACUC
This process turns mRNA into a protein.
Translation.
What is a mutation? Name 2 environmental factors can cause a mutation.
Any change to an organism's DNA/genome. Environmental factors: chemicals, radiation, sun, food, & viruses
What do we call the monomers of DNA? What are its 3 parts?
Nucleotide: phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), base (A, C, T, or G).
What is the end product of DNA replication? What is each strand made of?
Two new molecules of DNA, each is identical to each other and to the original molecule.
Transcription: What does is make? What enzyme makes the product? Where does it take place?
RNA. RNA polymerase. Nucleus.
What cell organelle makes protein? What are the monomers of protein called?
Ribosome / amino acids
What is a frameshift mutation?
This type of mutation occurs when bases are inserted or deleted, causing ALL the codons from the point of mutation forward to change, thus change causing all the amino acids to change.
What is the function of DNA?
Provides all information for the cell; blueprint of life
Name the main enzyme in DNA Replication. What does it do?
DNA polymerase: makes DNA by adding complementary bases to the other side of each of the original strands.
Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus?
It is too important, it is the "master plan" of the cell.
What is an codon? What is its purpose?
A three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid.
Are all mutations harmful? If not, give a counter example.
Helpful mutations: having ONE sickle cell gene makes you immune to the parasite that causes malaria. Neutral mutations: blue eyes
These two men are credited with figuring out the shape & structure of DNA. They used a photograph taken by a female fellow scientist (+points if you can name the female scientist).
James Watson and Francis Crick (+points for Rosalind Franklin)
Why does DNA need to be copied?
So that when the cell divides, each new cell has a complete set of DNA.
What are the three differences between RNA and DNA?
RNA: single-stranded, uracil, ribose sugar
DNA: double-stranded, thymine, deoxyribose sugar
A ribosome makes a protein containing 60 amino acids. The corresponding mRNA consists of at least how many codons?
60
Give one example of a harmful mutation.
Harmful example: sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, & cancer.
The bases of DNA are held together by what kind of bonds?
What is the matching DNA sequence for this strand? ATTGCGAT
TAACGCTA
What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
mRNA: delivers a copy version of a DNA gene from the nucleus to the ribosome.
tRNA: transfers the amino acids to the ribosome.
rRNA: part of the ribosome.
1) The bonds that the ribosomes use to hold amino acids together during protein synthesis are called… 2) This is what we call a chain of amino acids
Peptide bonds. Polypeptide.
Original Sequence: GTCGGCAA
Mutated Sequence: GTCCGGCAA
What mutation has occured?
Insertion; C was inserted between the C and G