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DNA
Protein Synthesis 1
Protein Synthesis 2
Mutations
Miscellaneous
100
One DNA strand has a base sequence GTCCATA. The base sequence on the second strand of DNA is...
CAGGTAT
100
A single stranded piece of a DNA has the following bases: ACTGAG. What is the matching sequence on its RNA transcript?
UGACUC
100
This process turns mRNA into a protein.
Translation.
100
What is a mutation? Name 2 environmental factors can cause a mutation.
Any change to an organism's DNA/genome. Environmental factors: chemicals, radiation, sun, food, & viruses
100

This process turns mRNA into a polypeptide.

Translation

200
Why does DNA need to be copied?
So that when the cell divides, each new cell has a complete set of DNA.
200

Where do transcription and translation occur?

Transcription: Nucleus

Translation: Ribosome (cytoplasm, rough ER)

200
What cell organelle makes protein? What are the monomers of protein called?
Ribosome / amino acids
200

What type of mutation occurred in the following DNA segment? THEFATCATSAT -> THEATCATSAT

Deletion

200

What is an example of an undifferentiated cell?

Stem Cells

300
Why is DNA replication called a "semi-conservative" process?
DNA replication is "semi-conservative" because each new molecule of DNA has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand (it is half conserved, or half saved)
300

If you were given an amino acid sequence, could you determine the DNA sequence from it? Explain.

No, multiple codons code for a single amino acid.

300

What is the Central Dogma?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

300
Are all mutations harmful? If not, give a counter example.
Helpful mutations: having ONE sickle cell gene makes you immune to the parasite that causes malaria. Neutral mutations: blue eyes
300

What is cell differentiation?

A cell becoming specialized.

400

What do we call the monomers of DNA? What are its 3 parts? 

Nucleotide: phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), base (A, C, T, or G). 

400
Name the three different types of RNA and describe the function of each of them.
mRNA: delivers a copy version of a DNA gene from the nucleus to the ribosome. tRNA: transfers the amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA: part of the ribosome.
400
A ribosome makes a protein containing 60 amino acids. The corresponding mRNA consists of at least how many codons?
60
400

What type of mutation affects only one amino acid?

Substitution

400

What happens during gene expression?

Genes are turned on. Corresponding proteins are made.

500
In a sample of DNA, 40% of the bases are adenine. What percentage of bases are guanine?
10%
500

Name 3 differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, long, double-stranded, made by DNA replication. 

RNA: ribose, uracil, short, single-stranded, made by transcription.

500
1) The bonds that the ribosomes use to hold amino acids together during protein synthesis are called… 2) This is what we call a chain of amino acids (a protein before it gets its shape)
Peptide bonds. Polypeptide.
500

Give an example of a positive, negative, and neutral mutation.

Positive: lactose tolerance, malaria resistance, etc.

Negative: Cancer, Autism, Huntington's Disease, Sickle Cell Anemia, etc.

Neutral: Eye Color, Fur Color, Ear lobe appearance, etc.

500

What happens to stem cells through development?

They lose the potential to differentiate.