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DNA & RNA Structures
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Mutation
100
What makes up the "backbone" of a DNA molecule?
sugars (deoxyribose) 
100
Where does replication occur in our cells?
nucleus
100
Where does transcription occur in our cells?
nucleus
100
What type of RNA carries a message that must be "translated?"
mRNA
100
What is a mutation?
a change in the sequence of DNA
200
What is the technical term for DNA's "twisted ladder" structure?
double helix
200
What are the rules for DNA base-pairing?
Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C)
200
Instead of using thymine, RNA always uses ___________ to pair with the adenines on DNA.
uracil (U)
200
What type of RNA would have a anticodon attached to it?
tRNA
200
How many codons would a point mutation affect?
one
300
What are the 4 bases on RNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

A, T, G, C

300
How many DNA molecules are made through the process of replication?
two
300
Unlike DNA, RNA is a ___________-stranded molecule.
single
300
How are anticodons and codons related?
anticodons on tRNA are complementary to codons on mRNA
300
Name three types of mutagens (causes of mutations).
X rays, UV rays, lead, mercury, drugs, chemicals, etc.
400
What is a sequence of three nucleotides on RNA called?
codon
400
What does DNA helicase do?
Unwinds the DNA
400
What are the three types of RNA (full names & abbreviations)?
messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), & ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
400
What holds amino acids together in a protein?
peptide bonds
400
What are the two types of frameshift mutations?
insertions and deletions; 


they both change the reading frame, which could affect many codons (the amino acid sequence would change dramatically)

500
What is the name of a segment of DNA that determines a trait?
gene
500
What does the enzyme DNA polymerase do?
Adds nucleotides to the original DNA strand
500
What happens to RNA molecules after they are finished transcribing DNA?
they leave the nucleus, enter the cytoplasm, and attach themselves to a ribosome
500
What happens when a ribosome reaches a stop codon on mRNA?
the protein is done being made, so it detaches.
500
What would most likely happen to a protein if a codon that originally coded for an amino acid got changed (by a point mutation) into a stop codon?
the protein would not be completed, or the wrong protein could be made