DNA Structure
Monomers of DNA are called..
nucleotides
The enzyme, ______, that recognizes the ___ of replication and breaks ___ bonds of DNA.
DNA helicase
origins
Hydrogen
What is DNA polymerase I used for?
The catalyze reactions that remove RNA nucleotides (i.e., Primers) and add-in DNA nucleotides
The enzyme that initiates transcription
RNA polymerase II
Unlike transcription whose purpose is to _____,
the purpose of translation is to _______
produce mRNA (copy of template strand)
translate is to produce a polynucleotide
A polynucleotide is formed through the bonding between the hydroxyl bonded to the __ carbon of one nucleotide and the ___ group bonded to the 5' carbon of the next nucleotide
3'
phosphate
The enzyme that relieves strain in the DNA molecule upstream of the replication bubble
Topoisomerase
Enzyme that is often referred to as "molecular glue"
DNA ligase
RNA poly III does two jobs during transcription: ____ and _____
breaks H bonds; builds mRNA strand
the name of the small RNA molecule responsible for carrying amino acids
tRNA
Two polynucleotides ___ bond to each other through ________ base pairing; for this to happen the two polynucleotides must run _______ to each other
hydrogen
complementary
antiparallel
The enzyme that catalyzes the building of the first complementary strand
Non-coding regions at the end of DNA molecules are called _____ that get progressively _____ as DNA replicates
Telomeres; shorter
The mRNA strand is built from its ____ to its ____ end using _____base pairing and _____ nucleotides
5' to 3'
complementary
RNA
Codons refer to _____ consecutive _____ on a strand of ____________-
three, bases, mRNA
The difference between ribose and deoxyribose:
carbon #2 in deoxyribose is bonded to a hydrogen; carbon #2 in ribose is bonded to a hydroxyl group
This enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to the free ____ end of the RNA primer.
DNA polymerase III
3'
When telomeres become too short, the cell will enter into the ______ stage so as to protect ____ from shortening.
non-diving (Go)
DNA
What happens to mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?
5' cap and 3' polyA tail added
introns removed
An initiation complex is composed of:
mRNA, tRNA, small and large ribosome
_____ and _____ proposed that the structure of DNA was related to how DNA replicated itself; the ____ model of replication predicts that each daughter DNA would have one ___ and one ___ DNA strand.
Watson and Crick
semi conservative
old, new
Reason why lagging strand is formed in fragments
-strands run in opposite directions
-primer built at 3' end of DNA template strand
-DNA poly III adds to 3' end only
This enzyme, ___, catalyzes reactions to produce telomeres and is found in cells such as _____, _____, and can also be found in ______________
telomerase
stem, germline, cancer
Three reasons for mRNA modification before leaving the nucleus:
-facilitate transport out of nucleus
-reduce degradation of mRNA by various enzymes
-facilitate recognition by ribosomes
The _____ ribosome contains grooves (___, ___, ___) where each ____ sits during its complementary base pairing with the mRNA strand
E, P, A
tRNA