Experiments
Describe Griffith's Experiments.
Investigated S-Type and R-Type bacteria.
What is the monomer for DNA?
a nucleotide
What are Chargaff's Rules?
Adenine always binds with Thymine
Guanine always binds with Cytosine
What are the three functions of DNA?
Storing information
Copying information
Transmitting information
What two scientists discovered the shape of DNA?
Watson and Crick
What was the result of Griffith's experiment?
He found the transforming principle.
A nucleotide consists of what three parts?
sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
What is the first step of DNA replication?
Unzip the DNA helix
A mutation can occur
Describe Avery's experiment.
Used enzymes to break down each of protein, RNA, and DNA in a solution that contained heat-killed S bacteria and live R bacteria to determine what the transforming principle was.
What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?
Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine
What enzyme unzips the DNA?
DNA helicase
If a sample of DNA consists of 32% Adenine, how much Cytosine does it contain?
18%
There are two types of covalent bonds. What are they and how are they different?
Polar - sharing of electrons unevenly
Nonpolar - sharing of electrons evenly
Hershey and Chase used bacteriophages to determine whether protein or DNA was the transforming principle. What elements make up DNA?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus
What type of bond holds the sugar phosphate backbone of the DNA together?
Covalent Bond
What enzyme adds more nucleotides to the DNA sequence?
DNA polymerase
What does the Central Dogma State?
Information only flows from DNA to RNA to Proteins
Describe how a hydrogen bond works.
slight charges between two polar molecules are attracted to a different molecule.
Why did Hershey and Chase choose bacteriophages for their experiments?
They consist of only proteins and DNA.
What type of bond holds the nitrogenous bases together?
Hydrogen Bonds
What is a replication fork and why does it occur?
The unwinding of DNA at different places along the chromosome. Allows us to make a copy of both sides of the DNA.
What is the function of the DNA ligase?
To connect the nucleotides on the lagging strand
Which of the four types of nitrogenous bases are purines and which ones are pyrimidines?
Pyrimidines = Thymine, Cytosine
Purines = Adenine, Guanine