DNA/GENE EXPRESSION

DNA/RNA

100

This type of macromolecule is used to transmit hereditary information

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

200

Where are hydrogen bonds found & where are covalent bonds found in a DNA strand?

Hydrogen Bonds - between nucleotide bases 

Covalent Bonds - sugar & phosphates 

300

What are three differences between RNA & DNA?

DNA - sugar deoxyribose, double stranded, contains thymine 

RNA - sugar ribose, single stranded, contains uracil  

400

DNA strands are antiparallel meaning at one end is a free phosphate group & the other is a free hydroxyl. The 5' end contains the... & and the 3' end contains the...

5' - phosphate group 

3' - hydroxyl (-OH) group 

500

RNA nucleotides are made of three parts. What are these? 

- nitrogenous base (A, G, C, U) 

- phosphate 

- ribose sugar 

Transcription/RNA Splicing

100

What enzyme is used for transcription?

RNA Polymerase 

200

mRNA produced during transcription before any modifications occur is known as:

pre-mRNA 

300

Once RNA is made during transcription, what must occur before it is translated?

Introns - removed 

Exons - spliced together 

G-Cap 

Poly-A tail

400

Transcription begins at a __________. It ends at a __________. Are these sequences later translated? 

Begins - promotor 

Ends - terminator 

These sequences are not translated.

500

You are looking a DNA strand undergoing transcription. You notice that RNA polymerase is moving down along the DNA strand continually producing a new RNA strand. What step of transcription is this?

Elongation

DNA Replication

100

DNA is known as semi-conservative because?

One parental strand is "conversed" in the new molecule. 

200

Given the following strand of DNA, what complementary strand would be produced during DNA Replication? 

5' GTAGTCGCC 3' 

3' CATCAGCGG 5' 

300

Enzymes used in DNA Replication are: helicase, topoisomerase, SSBP, DNA Polymerase 3, RNA Primase, ligase. Put them in the order of which they are used? 

Topoisomerase --> helicase --> SSBP --> RNA Primase --> DNA Polymerase 3 --> ligase 

400

The DNA strand that is continually synthesized in the direction helicase moves is known as the ______ strand. The DNA strand not continually synthesized in the opposite direction helicase is moving is the _______ strand. 

Leading Strand 

Lagging Strand

500

Newly synthesized RNA strands have a much higher chance of mutations occurring than newly synthesized DNA strands. Why might this be? 

DNA Polymerase has two functions - create the new daughter strand but also check it for mutations. RNA Polymerase does not do this same function

Tranlsation

100

The three steps of translation are:

Initiation 

Elongation 

Termination 

200

Describe the structure of ribosomes:

Large & Small Subunit 

Large - A, P, E site 

Small - binds mRNA 

300

Describe what happens at each site on a ribosome: 

A Site: 

P Site: 

E Site:

A Site: tRNA enters 

P Site: polypeptide grows 

E Site: empty tRNA site 

400

A cell is unable to catalyze the bond between tRNA and an amino acid, but the tRNA is still able to bind to codons on mRNA. How would codon recognition and peptide bond formation be affected? 

Codon recognition - would not be affected 

Peptide bond formation - a polypeptide would not be formed

500

Describe how a polypeptide chain is produced, starting after initiation? 

A new charged tRNA enters the A site. A peptide bond is formed between the new amino acid and the polypeptide chain. The ribosome shifts everything. Uncharged tRNA leaves E Site, polypeptide chain goes into P Site, and new charged tRNA enters A site

Other

100

What are the three types of RNA? What are their full names? Describe each? 

mRNA - message RNA, carries DNA message to cytoplasm 

rRNA - ribosomal RNA, makes up ribosomes 

tRNA - transfer RNA, transfers amino acids to ribosome 

200

Where does transcription occur in the cell? Where does translation occur in the cell? 

Transcription -  nucleus

Translation - ribosome/cytoplasm 

300

DNA replication occur during what phase of the cell cycle?

(Bonus: what chromosomal difference occurs as a result) 

S phase 

(Bonuse: sister chromatids are formed)

400

Given the DNA template strand, the underlined letters depict introns & non-underlined letters exons, what would be the mature mRNA strand.

DNA      3’ ATCGAAGATCATTAC… 5’ 

                   

             

Mature RNA:

G-cap (3’) AUGCUAAUG... (5’) POLY-A TAIL

500

After a polypeptide chain is formed, what must occur in order to produce a protein?

Protein folding - primary, secondary, tertiary, & potentially quaternary structure