DNA
DNA stands for _________
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
unusable codes cut out after mRNA makes a copy are called ___
Usable codes spliced together after mRNA makes a copy are called ___
DNA-RNA-Protein-characteristic/traits = ____
Introns
Exons
Central Dogma
What would be the genotypes of...
Homozygous Dominant:
Heterozygous:
Homozygous recessvie:
DD
Dd
dd
in Pedigrees, the circle represents _____
females
The electrophoresis machine works because DNA is a ___ charge which migrates to the ___ end
Negative, positive
DNA collected from males is from the __ where the female DNA is collected from the ___
Nucleus
Mitochondria
mRNA makes a copy of DNA replaces ___ with ___
the triplets read on the mRNA strand are called ___
the triplets read on the tRNA molecule are called ___
T with U
Codons
Anticodons
If Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers: cross homozygous recessive with heterozygous
What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
Genotypes: 50% Pp 50% pp
Phenotypes: 50% Purple, 50% white
In pedigrees, the square represents ___
males
_______ are added to the DNA sample to amplify and copy to increase accuracey
____ are added to cut the DNA in specific sequences
the cut sequences are called ___
PCRs (Polymerase chain reactions)
REs (Restriction Enzymes)
RFs (restriction fragments)
the "alphabet of DNA" include ____, ____, ____ and ___
Which combine due to a double bond?
Which combine due to a triple bond?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine
A=T
C---G
DNA - RNA inside the nucleus is called ___
RNA - protein outside the nucleus is called ___
Transcription
Translation
What is the first step when showing a dihybrid cross?
Punnett square of the parents to determine gametes
In pedigrees, the shaded areas represent ___
The individuals that express the trait in question
DNA fragments are added to the machine. the ____ fragments travel farther than the ___
___ are added to the fragments to highlight where they end
Shorter, longer
Radioactive probes
the "1-ring" structure is called the ____
the "2-ring" structure is called the ____
The DNA strand that is built in order is the ___ strand
The DNA strand that is built in fragments is the ___ strand
Pyrimidine
Purine
Leading
Lagging
AUG is the __ codon
Why is this special?
All Stop Codons?
Methionine
Start codon
UGA, UAA, UAG
When determining the phenotypes of the offspring from a dihybrid cross, what genotypes are you looking for for the following scenarios?
1. Showing dominant characteristics for both traits?
2. showing recessive for the first trait, but dominant for the second trait?
3. showing dominant for the first trait but recessive for the second trait?
4. showing recessive for both traits?
2. both lower letters for first and at least one capital letter for second trait
3. at least one capital letter for first trait but lower case for second trait
4. both traits are lower case
If 1 of 3 children has the expressed trait but the parents do not, what genotype must the parent be?
Heterozygous
The bands that are created by the probes and are compared to all samples are called ___
STRs (short tandem repeats)
DNA coils around proteins called ___
Key players of DNA Replication? What do they do?
Mitosis results in ____
Meiosis results in ____
Helicase (unzipper), Primase (primer), Polymerase (builder), Ligase (gluer)
2 gen. identical diploid cells
4 gen. unique haploid cells
Transcribe and translate the following sequence:
Top strand: AAA TAT CGG GGG GTA CAT
Bottom:
mRNA (bottom):
Protein:
bottom: TTT ATA GCC CCC CAT GTA
mRNA: AAA UAU CGG GGG GUA CAU
Protein: Lysine, Tyrosine, Arginine, Glysine, Valine, Histidine
CAN YOU DO A DIHYBRID CROSS??? MAKE SURE!
DO IT
If 1 grandchild is born with the expressed recessive trait, what must their genotype be?
What genotype must they marry in order to ensure their children do not express the trait?
homozygous recessive
Homozygous Dominant
What does it mean If all of the STRs match the crime scene?
What does it mean if only a FEW STRs match the crime scene?
What does it mean if none of the STRs match the crime scene?
You have an exact match to the suspect
You have a suspect related to the crime scene
You do not have the suspect or someone related