Discovery of Genetic Material & Structure of DNA
This type of virus infects bacteria and was used to show that DNA, not protein, stores genetic information.
What is a bacteriophage?
This enzyme untwists and separates DNA strands at the start of replication.
What is DNA helicase?
This enzyme synthesizes mRNA by reading the DNA template strand.
What is RNA polymerase?
This enzyme builds new DNA by adding complementary nucleotides.
What is DNA polymerase?
A three-nucleotide mRNA sequence that codes for an amino acid.
What is a codon?
This rule showed that in DNA, the number of adenine bases equals thymine, and cytosine equals guanine.
What is complementary base pairing (Chargaff’s Rule)?
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide pair is called this.
What is a point mutation?
These cell structures read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
What are ribosomes?
This RNA molecule carries amino acids and contains an anticodon.
What is tRNA?
Removing introns to produce a functional mRNA transcript occurs through this process.
What is RNA splicing?
X-ray crystallography provided evidence that DNA had this overall three-dimensional structure.
What is a double helix?
This severe mutation shifts the reading frame of codons due to an insertion or deletion.
What is a frameshift mutation?
This strand of DNA is the one that RNA polymerase actually reads during transcription.
What is the template strand?
This type of point mutation changes a codon into a stop codon, usually producing a nonfunctional protein.
What is a nonsense mutation?
The lagging strand forms Okazaki fragments because DNA polymerase must synthesize in this direction.
What is 5′ → 3′?
The internal portion of the DNA double helix is formed by these paired molecular components.
What are nitrogenous bases?
This type of mutation changes one nucleotide pair but does not change the amino acid sequence.
What is a silent mutation?
The region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.
What is the promoter?
These protective caps shorten with age and contribute to cellular aging.
What are telomeres?
In the Hershey-Chase experiments radioactive sulfur and phosphorus was used to label which biological molecules?
Sulfur-->proteins
Phosphorus-->DNA
This structural feature of DNA refers to its two strands running in opposite 5′ → 3′ directions.
What is antiparallel orientation?
Short, discontinuous fragments made on the lagging strand are known as these.
What are Okazaki fragments?
This enzyme complex removes introns during RNA processing.
What is the spliceosome?
Because more than one codon can specify the same amino acid, the genetic code is described using this term.
What is redundant (degenerate)?
Devise a scenario in which a frameshift mutation does not completely alter the subsequent amino acid sequence.
Original: AUG CCG AGG UAA UGA
Original: Met-Pro-Arg-Leu
Insertion (+3): AUG *AAA* CCG AGG UAA UGA
Insertion: Met-Lys-Pro-Arg-Leu
Deletion (-3): AUG AGG UAA UGA
Deletion: Met-Arg-Leu