Emotions and Temperament
Infants begin showing this basic positive emotion within the first few months of life, often in response to social interaction.
What is a social smile?
This psychologist developed the concept of attachment and the “Strange Situation” experiment.
Who is Mary Ainsworth?
By around 18 months, infants can recognize themselves in a mirror, an ability called this.
What is self-recognition?
Infants first engage in this simple type of play, where they play alone without engaging with others.
What is solitary play?
Act out: A baby clinging to their caregiver and crying when they leave.
What is separation anxiety?
This temperament type describes babies who are generally happy, adaptable, and establish routines easily.
What is an easy temperament?
This type of attachment is seen in infants who explore confidently, show distress when their caregiver leaves, but are comforted when they return.
What is secure attachment?
This term describes an infant’s awareness of being a separate individual with their own thoughts and actions.
What is self-awareness?
When toddlers play alongside each other but do not interact directly, this type of play occurs.
What is parallel play?
Act out: A toddler playing alone while another child plays nearby, but they do not interact.
What is parallel play?
By around 6 months, infants can begin to recognize and respond to the emotions of others in a process called this.
What is social referencing?
Infants with this attachment style avoid or ignore their caregiver and show little emotion when separated or reunited.
What is avoidant attachment?
Young children begin using these types of words to refer to themselves, such as “me” and “mine.”
What are self-referential words?
These early friendships can help develop social skills and emotional regulation.
What are peer relationships?
Act out: A baby smiling in response to a caregiver’s playful face.
What is a social smile?
This emotional reaction, common in infants around 8-12 months, involves distress when separated from a primary caregiver.
What is separation anxiety?
In Ainsworth’s study, infants who display anxiety, clinginess, and difficulty being comforted upon reunion exhibit this attachment style.
What is ambivalent/resistant attachment?
This classic experiment tests whether infants recognize themselves in a mirror by placing a mark on their face.
What is the rouge test?
Infants often engage in this behavior, which involves watching others play without joining in.
What is onlooker play?
Act out: A child looking in a mirror, touching their nose after noticing a mark on it.
What is self-recognition?
Psychologists Thomas and Chess identified three major temperament styles: easy, difficult, and this third type, which describes infants who are initially wary but gradually warm up to new situations.
What is slow-to-warm-up?
This psychologist's work with rhesus monkeys demonstrated that comfort and security are more important than food in forming attachments.
Who is Harry Harlow?
Around the second year of life, toddlers begin expressing emotions like embarrassment or pride, which are known as these.
What are self-conscious emotions?
Around age two, toddlers begin engaging in this type of play, where they share toys and interact with each other.
What is associative play?
Act out: A baby reaching for their caregiver and becoming visibly upset when a stranger approaches.
What is stranger anxiety?