Don't Stress About It
Explain adaptive and maladaptive coping and which contributes to adverse health effects
What is
adaptive: a person is able to manage stress by using effective positive coping strategies
-maladaptive: a person who tries to manage their stress using coping strategies that does not help manage their stress
-maladaptive can lead to adverse health effects: such as increased smoking, change in eating habits, sleep deprivation
Norepinephrine does this and binds to this receptor
What is causes the body to regulate BP, promotes arousal, and increases anxiety. Binds with only alpha receptors
Explain homestasis and risk factors that alter it
What is
-homeostasis: the body’s tendency to maintain balance around a particular “set-point” in the presence of continual environmental variation. State of equilibrium is maintained by a dynamic process of feedback and regulation.
-risk factors: psychological (fear, social rejection), physical (abuse, trauma), physiological (infection, inflammation)
This protein influences a drug's bioavailability
What is albumin?
Cortisol is similar to this hormone
What is epinephrine?
These are the effects of cortisol when stressed (name 3)
What are:
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Elevates the blood glucose level
Acts as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes resolution and repair
Shown to induce T-cell apoptosis
These are the two classifications of drugs (describe them)
What are:
Therapeutic- Describes the condition for which a medication is being given
Pharmacologic- Mechanisms by which the therapeutic effect is achieved (mechanism of action)
The antagonist does this
What is prevent action of endogenous substances, usually by competing with endogenous ligand and/or agonist for receptor binding sites?
This substance is a link between stress, immune function and disease and deals with stress directly.
What is proinflammatory sytokines
These are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (name and describe)
What are:
Alarm stage:
Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and activates the sympathetic nervous system. Arousal of body defenses happens in this stage.
Resistance/adaptation stage:
Begins with the actions of the adrenal hormones. Mobilization contributes to fight or flight
Exhaustion stage (allostatic overload):
Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful. Can lead to stress-related disorders.
These nursing interventions address the human response to stress (name 3)
What is
Promoting a healthy lifestyle (adequate nutrition, sleep, exercise, etc.)
Enhancing coping strategies (optimism, social support, spiritual resources, maintain control over either the situation or feelings, trying to accept the situation)
Teaching relaxation techniques (guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation)
Education about stress management
Enhancing social support
Recommending support and therapy groups
These are the 3 properties of a drug that affect diffusion
What are:
1. Concentration gradient - related to dosage of drug
2. Size of drug molecule - smaller molecules absorb faster
3. Lipid solubility - Medications must be lipid soluble to get through the phospholipid bilayer.
Cortisol does these things when released from the adrenal medulla during stress
What is
Increases blood glucose levels,
Enhances immunity during acute stress (vasodilation and increased capillary permeability)
Promotes resolution and repair
Influences virtually all immune cells
Epinephrine does this and binds to this receptor.
causes the liver and skeletal muscles to be rapidly metabolized, increases heart rate, enhances myocardial contractility, increases venous return to heart which increases cardiac output and blood pressure. It dilates blood vessels for greater oxygenation, metabolizes free fatty acids and cholesterol, reduces glucose uptake in the muscles and other organs, and decreases insulin released from the pancreas. Epinephrine binds to both alpha and beta receptors.
This is the action of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
What is
The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing factor, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol). Cortisol stimulates protein catabolism releasing amino acids, stimulates liver uptake of amino acids and their conversion to glucose, and inhibits glucose uptake. These cortisol induced metabolic effects provide the body with a ready source of energy during a stressful situation. The HPA axis is shut off through the negative feedback mechanism.
These are the 4 primary processes of pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
This is how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system is regulated in stress
What is the hypothalamic receives that there is stress occurring in the body. It releases corticotropic hormone, which binds to receptors and activates the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. ACTH travels through the blood to the adrenal glands and binds to specific receptors on the cortex of the adrenal gland where glucocorticoid hormones are released (mostly cortisol).
Stress-age syndrome has these influence on the stress response (name 3)
What is:
Increased catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and cortisol
Decreased testosterone, thyroxine, and other hormones
Alterations of opioid peptides
Immunosuppression and pattern of chronic inflammation
Alterations in lipoproteins
Hypercoagulation of the blood
Free radical damage of cells
Excitability changes in the limbic system and hypothalamus
The immune system does this in the stress response
Stress induced HPA hormones and catecholamines of the ANS sympathetic branch directly influence the immune system. Immune cells have receptors for ACTH, CRH, endorphins, norepinephrine, growth hormone, steroids, and other products of the stress response. Cholinergic, adrenergic, and peptidergic nerves innervate lymphoid organs such as the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Exposure to stress increases endogenous opiate secretion to enhance or suppress immune cell functions. Neuropeptides and neuroendocrine hormones may directly control biochemical events affecting cell proliferation, differentiation, and function or may indirectly control immune cell behaviour by affecting the production or activity of cytokines. Chronic stress affects many immune cell functions, including decreased NK cell and T-cell cytotoxicity and impaired B cell function. This increases the risk for infection and some types of cancer.
It takes this many half lives for a medication to leave the body and this many half lives to reach a therapeutic range.
What are
5 half lives to leave body
4-5 half lives to reach a therapeutic range