Cardiovascular: Regulation
What causes high blood pressure?
Poor circulation, high sodium concentration, and narrow arteries
What type of cells conduct electrical impulses?
Pacemaker cells in the heart
How does blood get to and from the lungs from the heart?
Blood leaves out of the right ventricle in the pulmonary artery then returns through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
What is a spirograph?
A spirograph is a chart that represents the amount of air that goes in and out of the lungs per breath
Where does oxygen come in and CO2 exit?
The mouth and nose
What is a sphygmomanometer?
A sphygmomanometer is a device that doctors use to measure blood pressure to see if there are any irregularities (anything over 119/79 at rest is abnormal)
Where is the SA node located?
The top part of the right atrium
What is CPR’s purpose?
CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation which means that it involves the heart and lungs. It keeps oxygenated blood flowing throughout the body when someone is in cardiac arrest or no longer breathing to try to prevent death.
What part of the brainstem is responsible for respiration?
The medulla oblongata which responds to changes in O2, CO2, and pH
What is vital capacity?
The maximum volume of air inhaled/ max of deepest breath
What is the difference between Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors?
Baroreceptors sense changes in blood pressure and has a reflex to try to keep it in a normal range vs. Chemoreceptors which sense changes in CO2 and pH levels
What is a heartbeat?
Atrial systole and ventricular diastole to atrial diastole and ventricular systole
What happens to the heart when lungs uptake more oxygen?
The heart pumps faster in order to get oxygen rich blood to the cells and bring more deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What causes an increase in respiration?
Increased CO2 levels which causes the sympathetic nervous system to produce adrenaline for more inhalation to get rid of it
What is the path of oxygen into the lungs?
Mouth/nose to the pharynx to the larynx to the trachea to the bronchus to the secondary bronchi to the tertiary bronchi(bronchioles) to the alveoli
What is the difference between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems?
Parasympathetic receives signals from chemoreceptors when increased pH so that it releases acetylcholine vs. Sympathetic receives signals from chemoreceptors when pH is decreased so that it releases adrenaline for an increased heart rate
On an ECG, what do the P wave and QRS complex represent?
The P wave is depolarization of the atria and the QRS complex is depolarization of the ventricles
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place in the lungs
Capillaries facilitate the movement of these gases through the “air sacs”(alveoli) before the blood returns to the heart to be brought to the rest of the body
How does the parasympathetic nervous system impact breathing rate?
The parasympathetic nervous system constricts airways and relaxes the lung muscles so that the body relaxes to conserve energy and “rest and digest”
What happens during inhalation and exhalation?
During inhalation the diaphragm and external intercostals contract to pull ribs up and out and expand the chest cavity while the internal intercostals relax during exhalation the diaphragm and external intercostals relax and the internal intercostals contract to pull ribs down and in to reduce chest cavity
What is the RAAS system and its function?
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System produces angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure and aldosterone production(it can be seen as a long term blood pressure regulator)
What is V-fib?
V-fib(Ventricular fibrillation) is uncoordinated cardiac muscle contractions in the ventricles which leads to improper contractions that are more like quivers that cause cardiac arrest leading to death
Is there a direct relationship between breathing rate and heart rate?
Yes, increased breathing leads to more oxygenated blood needing to be pumped and leads to more CO2 production so the body would need to filter it out and remove it from the system through exhaling
What is the Bohr Effect?
The Bohr Effect decreases hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity so it is easier for the body’s cells to obtain oxygen although it decreases pH and increases CO2
What is a collapsed lung and how is it treated?
A collapsed lung(pneumothorax) is caused by air filling into the space between lungs and the chest wall typically caused by penetrating chest injuries, medical procedures, or lung disease. Can be treated by doctors removing the excess air through a tube.