Digestive: Regulation
What triggers digestion?
Vagal nerves due to the anticipation of food and intrinsic nerves that line the digestive organs which gets triggered when the organ gets stretched
What does saliva do?
Saliva contains salivary amylase which begins the breakdown of carbohydrates
What do both systems have a lot of?
Capillaries to facilitate filtration, reabsorption, and nutrient uptake
What does aldosterone do?
It acts on the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption which also leads to more water being reabsorbed
What is the main function of the kidney?
The main function is to remove waste and excess fluid from the body and urine production
What does secretin do?
Secretin is a hormone secreted by the duodenum when it is exposed to acidic contents of the stomach being emptied, it stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize the acid
Where does most digestion occur?
The small intestine is involved in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
How do they relay the need to release waste?
Both of them give a sense of discomfort and send signals to the brain
What are ureters?
The ureters are attached to the collecting ducts and bring the urine from the kidney to the bladder for storing
What is the Bowman's capsule?
The Bowman's capsule is a cup shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus to collect filtrate
What does cholecystokinin do?
Cholecystokinin is secreted by the duodenum and jejunum when exposed to food and acts on the gallbladder for bile release and the pancreas for pancreatic enzyme release while sending signals to vagal neurons for the satiety signal
What is the difference between Mechanical and Chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion is physically breaking down food such as chewing and churning/mixing in the stomach. Chemical digestion is chemically breaking down food using enzymes and pancreatic juices.
What do both the gallbladder and bladder have in common?
They don't produce things, they just store their contents until they are needed to be released
What happens when there is a build up of waste products in the kidneys?
Kidney stones are formed in the renal pelvis when substances like calcium, uric acid, struvite and cystine crystalize and build up
What is the function of the renal artery?
The renal artery delivers oxygen rich blood to the kidneys for filtration before it leaves out in the renal vein
What is the difference between gastric and pancreatic juices?
Gastric juice is produced in the stomach and contains enzymes for protein digestion and bacteria killing alongside hydrochloric acid. Pancreatic juice also contains enzymes however they are for all macromolecules instead it also contains bicarbonate to neutralize the hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
Why does the liver filter all blood that comes from the small intestine?
This is to process and detoxify nutrients, medications, and harmful substances to not damage the rest of the body or infect it.
What do both the large intestine and the collecting duct have in common?
They both conserve/reabsorb water and release useless materials from the body
How does RAAS impact the kidneys?
RAAS produces Aldosterone which is a hormone that regulates sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys which increases blood volume and blood pressure
What is the difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubes?
The proximal convoluted tube is mainly reabsorption and secretion while the distal convoluted tube is mainly regulation of electrolytes, pH and extracellular fluid volume
What does gastrin do?
Gastrin is created in the stomach and duodenum and stimulates the release of gastric juice
What are villi and why are there capillaries in them?
Villi are folds on the surface of the small intestine and they help food absorption be more efficient. The capillaries facilitate efficient absorption of the nutrients into the bloodstream.
What do both of these things do in terms of maintaining homeostasis?
Both systems regulate fluid balance and remove harmful substances from the body to reduce risk of illness
What is ADH and its function?
Antidiuretic Hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland to increase the reabsorption of water in the kidneys which leads to decreased urine production and increased blood volume
How does filtrate pass through the nephron?
The filtrate is collected in the bowmans capsule then goes to the proximal convoluted tube then to the loop of henle then to the distal convoluted tube then to the collecting duct.