Cardiology
The most common cause of death in patients with HFrEF.
Sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmia
What is the most common cause of COPD exacerbations?
Viral respiratory infections
Which opportunistic infection should you suspect in HIV with CD4 <50 and focal deficits?
Toxoplasmosis
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension in young adults?
Fibromuscular dysplasia
What electrolyte abnormality is most dangerous in tumor lysis syndrome?
Hyperkalemia
Which heart block requires pacemaker placement even if asymptomatic?
Mobitz type II second-degree AV block
A 35-year-old nonsmoker with basilar-predominant emphysema should be screened for what?
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
What is the treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy?
Antibiotics (nitrofurantoin or amoxicillin-clavulanate)
What renal-related contraindication to starting metformin?
Severe renal dysfunction (eGFR <30) — lactic acidosis risk
What is the mechanism of anemia in CKD?
Decreased erythropoietin production
In acute MI with RV infarction, which medication should be avoided initially?
Nitrates — can precipitate hypotension by reducing preload
What is the most common cause of death in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Progressive respiratory failure
Which antibiotic is contraindicated in myasthenia gravis?
Fluoroquinolones or aminoglycosides
In DKA, which electrolyte must be monitored and replaced before insulin?
Potassium
What is the most common cause of death in sickle cell disease?
Acute chest syndrome
What is the ventricular rate in the strip below? (+/- 20 beats/min)
Show EKG
95 (accept 75-115)
What is the classic triad of findings in obesity hypoventilation syndrome?
Obesity, daytime hypercapnia, sleep-disordered breathing
Which organism is most associated with prosthetic valve endocarditis <60 days post-op?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Which diabetic complication improves most with tight glycemic control?
Microvascular — nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy
Which chemotherapy agent causes hemorrhagic cystitis, and what prevents it?
Cyclophosphamide/ifosfamide; prevented with mesna
What medication reduces mortality in HFpEF according to the EMPEROR-Preserved trial?
SGLT2 inhibitors — empagliflozin
A patient with sarcoidosis has hypercalcemia. What is the mechanism?
Increased extrarenal 1-alpha hydroxylase by macrophages → ↑ calcitriol
Traveler from India with fever and relative bradycardia (Faget sign). Likely diagnosis?
Typhoid fever — Salmonella typhi
Which thyroid malignancy is associated with psammoma bodies?
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
What inherited condition increases risk of venous and arterial thrombosis?
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome