Classical Mechanics
This quantity is conserved in a system with no external forces.
What is momentum?
This law relates electric flux through a surface to enclosed charge.
What is Gauss’s Law?
This equation governs the time evolution of a quantum system.
What is the Schrödinger equation?
This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
This particle mediates the electromagnetic force.
What is the photon?
The Lagrangian is defined as this difference of energies.
What is kinetic minus potential energy?
The magnetic field around a current-carrying wire is given by this law.
What is Ampère’s Law?
The commutator [x, p] equals this fundamental constant times i.
What is ħ?
Entropy tends to increase according to this law.
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
This effect explains why moving clocks run slower.
What is time dilation?
In central force motion, this vector quantity remains constant.
What is angular momentum?
A changing magnetic field induces an electric field—this is known as this law.
What is Faraday’s Law?
This principle limits simultaneous knowledge of position and momentum.
What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?
This distribution describes particle energies in classical gases.
What is the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution?
The wavelength of a particle is given by this relation.
What is de Broglie relation (λ = h/p)?
A system’s motion can be derived from this principle stating δS = 0.
What is the principle of least action?
Maxwell added this term to Ampère’s Law to allow for electromagnetic waves.
What is the displacement current?
Eigenvalues of an operator correspond to these physically measurable quantities.
What are observables (measurement outcomes)?
This quantity is defined as Ω’s logarithm times k_B.
What is entropy (S = k_B ln Ω)?
This constant appears in blackbody radiation and quantum mechanics.
What is Planck’s constant?
For small oscillations, motion is governed by this linear approximation technique around equilibrium.
What is Taylor expansion (linearization about equilibrium)?
In vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at this speed in terms of ε₀ and μ₀.
What is 1/√(ε₀μ₀)?
The ground state energy of the quantum harmonic oscillator is this value.
What is ½ħω?
At absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant according to this law.
What is the Third Law of Thermodynamics?
This symmetry leads to conservation of energy via Noether’s theorem.
What is time translation symmetry?