Intro & Homeostasis
What are two major organ systems that are primarily responsible for controlling and coordinating the body's homeostatic responses?
The nervous and endocrine systems
The different types of bones?
What are long bones, short bones (sesamoid bones), flat bones, and irregular bones?
The three types of muscle tissue.
What are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?
This structural type of neuron is extremely rare and only found in the special sense organs.
What is a bipolar neuron?
This is the medical term for the sense of smell.
What is olfaction?
What is the order of levels of organization using the words: tissues, organ system, molecules, organism, organelle, atom, cell, organs? Smallest to largest
atom --> molecules -->organelle --> cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ system --> organism
What is the bone cell that breaks down bone during remodeling?
Osteoclast
This is the very first step in muscle contraction.
What is the delivery of an action potential at the neuromuscular junction?
The neuroglial cell that acts as the primary immune defense, phagocytizing pathogens and debris in the CNS.
What are microglia?
These two types of photoreceptors in the retina allow us to see in low light and perceive color.
What are rods and cones?
Oxytocin in the body causing contractions during childbirth is an example of what kind of feedback loop?
Positive Feedback Loop
What is the difference between yellow and red bone marrow? Location & function
Yellow --> inside long bones (medullary cavity), fat storage
Red --> the spongy bone, produces blood (Hematopoiesis)
The two substances that must be present for a cross-bridge to form.
What are ATP and Calcium Ions?
The short, highly branched processes extending from the cell body that receive incoming signals.
What is a dendrite?
These unspecialized nerve endings are the most common receptors in the skin and primarily detect pain and temperature.
What are free nerve endings?
Which system delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and remove waste products.
The Cardiovascular System
Name two functions of the different categories of bones.
Flat: Protect organs and anchor muscles
Long: Support lots of weight and act as levers for movement
Irregular: offer support (vertebrae, pelvis) some protect organs
Short & Sesamoid Bones: provide stability and motion & protect tendons
Calcium is important because...?
Calcium binds to troponin. Tropomyosin is able to move and stop blocking the myosin-binding sites on the actin, so actin can be pulled by the myosin towards the center of the sarcomere. This allows for contraction
This main region of the diencephalon is the body's chief integration center for the autonomic nervous system, regulating hunger, thirst, and body temperature.
What is the hypothalamus?
These three tiny bones in the middle ear—the malleus, incus, and stapes—are collectively known by this name.
What are the auditory ossicles?
A hormone that decreases blood glucose levels
What is insulin?
What are the four steps to bone repair?
1. Formation of a Hematoma
2. Soft Callus Formation
3. Hard Callus Formation
4. Remodeling of Bone
A disease targeting the lower motor neurons would result in this.
What is a loss of action potential arriving at the muscle?
The motor neuron cannot communicate the signal to contract. ACh is not released. Action potential does not reach the muscle fiber's myofibril. The sarcoplasmic reticulum does not release calcium ions. Calcium never binds to troponin. Tropomyosin remains blocking the myosin-binding sites on the actin, so actin can never be pulled by the myosin towards the center of the sarcomere.
This is what is going on in the cell during the repolarization step and the charge of the cell.
During this step Sodium channels close and potassium channels open. The inside of the cell is becoming more negative as the potassium ions rush out of the cell through voltage-gated potassium channels. Potassium will reach equilibrium during this step, but Potassium channels will stay open longer than needed resulting in hyperpolarization (lower than -70mV).
These cells make up the majority of the epidermis.
What are keratinocytes?