Developmental Genetics
Embryonic cells are considered _________, meaning they can form any of the 200+ cell types in an adult.
Pluripotent (or totipotent)
___________ is when tumor cells travel to other parts of the body and establish a secondary tumor.
Metastasis
Is the following trait quantitative or qualitative: Presence of horns in a goats
Qualitative (present or absent)
This type of genetic study begins with a mutant phenotype and then aims to identify the gene responsible for that phenotype.
Forward genetic study
Spell Dr. Kris’s Full Name!
Dr. Krishnamoorthy
True or False: Species variation in embryonic development is the result of species-specific genes.
False
Broadly, what is cancer caused by?
Defects in cell division related to DNA
This genetic field studies traits controlled by many genes and influenced by the environment, such as height or crop yield.
Quantitative genetics
Name the theory that refers to quantitative characteristics controlled by cumulative effects of alleles in multiple loci.
Multiple gene or polygenic inheritance theory
Of the 229 Nobel Prizes awarded in Physiology or Medicine (encompasses Genetics) how many of these were awarded to women?
2
13
25
87
13
This hypothesis states that each cell contains the full genome but selectively activates or silences genes to drive differentiation.
Variable Gene Activity Hypothesis
List two examples of gene types in which mutations could contribute to cancer development?
Cell division regulation, cell cycle regulation, chromosome segregation genes, DNA repair regulation, telomerase regulation, and genes that promote growth, vascularization, and the spread of tumors
In a sheep study, a rare coat color anomaly appeared only after a critical number of risk alleles were inherited—sheep either had the anomaly or they didn't. Which type of quantitative characteristic was being measured?
Threshold characteristics
List the 5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
No mutation, no selection, no migration, large population, random mating
It would take 17 trips back and forth from ______ to _________for all the DNA in single person’s body to be unraveled and placed end-to-end
Ithaca to Syracuse
Antarctica to Greenland
Earth to the Moon
The Sun to Pluto
The Sun to Pluto
In a veterinary clinic, a dog presented with extra toes and misaligned limbs. Subsequent genetic testing pinpointed errors in the gene cluster responsible for limb patterning. What cluster of genes was likely mutated?
HOXD genes (or Homeotic (Hox) selector genes )
What are the two types of genes that when mutated are involved in dysregulation of cell division?
Proto-oncogenes → Oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Write out the equation for phenotypic variance AND indicate what each letter means.
Vp = Vg+ Ve + Vge
Vp = phenotypic variance
Vg = genotypic variance
Ve = Environmental variance
Vge = genetic/environmental interaction
Elephants have 20 copies of this gene that makes them less likely to develop cancer than humans despite their large size?
TP53, tumor suppressor gene
Which of the following foundational men in genetics was also the first to describe a tornado
A. Francis Crick
B. Charles Darwin
C. Gregor Mendel
D. Theodore Schwann
Gregor Mendel
What pathway is critical in early embryonic development and tissue repair in hydra, planaria, and salamanders?
Wnt/β-catenin
__________ contributes to cancer by mutating and rearranging host genes that then contribute to viral proliferation, or by altering the expression of host genes
Viruses
In a study of fin length in a particular fish species, researchers measured a total phenotypic variance of 80 mm². They determined that the additive genetic variance was 20 mm², the dominance variance was 10 mm², and the epistatic variance was 5 mm².
Question:
Calculate the broad-sense heritability (H²) for fin length in this fish population.
H² = (20 + 10 + 5) / 80 = 35 / 80 = 0.4375 (or approximately 44%)
What is the sequence of a PAM site?
5’-xGG-3’
What determines if a gene is recessive or dominant?
The amount of protein an allele produces