Basics of Tx
Various objects, pictures, modeling, or prompts the clinician uses to evoke a target response from clients.
Treatment Stimuli
Ignoring undesired behaviors.
Indirect Method of Response Reduction
Food and drink rewards that are essential to teach requests for food and drink in a client of any age.
Primary Reinforcers
Moving a client’s tongue with a tongue blade to demonstrate correct articulatory position.
Manual Guidance
Effects of treatment that are generalized, broader, personally meaningful to the client, and related to quality of life.
Functional Outcomes
Asking the client to name a picture or asking questions such as “What is this?” while showing a picture or an object without modeling a response.
Evoked Trial
A person who stutters always eats at home so they are never in the situation of having to order food at a restaurant. Ordering triggers their disfluency.
An Avoidance Behavior
Information given to a client on incorrect responses in order to reduce those responses.
Corrective Feedback
A response maintenance strategy to teach those around the client to identify, prompt, reinforce, and target behaviors in natural settings outside the clinic.
Peer Training
Producing a behavior established in the clinic in other natural settings with no particular reinforcement.
Generalization / Generalized Outcomes
Asking the client to name a picture and then modeling the correct response.
Modeled Trial
Immediately providing corrective feedback to reduce undesired behaviors.
Direct Methods of Response Reduction
Withholding reinforcement to reduce an unwanted behavior. For example: Withholding attention to reduce crying or off-topic questions.
Extinction
Procedures to assess generalized production of responses without reinforcing them. (Measuring how well the skill has been learned.)
Probes
Methods used to continue treatment gains in natural settings once therapy has ended.
Maintenance Strategies
Skills and behaviors a client is taught.
The Targets of Treatment
A person who stutters responds to a hostile listener by ending the conversation to terminate the aversive event. This behavior needs to be reduced.
Escape Behavior
Modeling a behavior for a client, but making it less and less audible over time until finally only an articulatory posture is modeled and then withdrawn to reduce dependence on the prompt.
Fading
AKA "Shaping", A procedure where the target response is broken down into initial, intermediate, and terminal components and taught in an ascending sequence.
Successive Approximation
Treatment offered any time after the initial dismissal from services in order to support maintenance of skills.
Booster treatment
What is legally mandated for infants and toddlers with disabilities and their family members to involve family in the treatment process.
IFSP - the Individualized Family Service Plan
Encouraging a desirable alternative to an undesirable behavior. Eg. Teaching a child to make a verbal request instead of whining.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA)
Social or conditioned rewards based on past learning. Social praise or tokens, for example.
Secondary Reinforcers
The final target behavior in a shaping procedure.
Terminal Response
A post-treatment assessment to find out if clients have maintained their treatment gains over time. May be scheduled for 6 months or 12 months post-treatment.
Follow Up