Microbial Growth
This phase of bacterial growth is characterized by little or no cell division as bacteria adapt to their environment
What is the lag phase?
This antibiotic, discovered by Alexander Fleming, is one of the first and most famous antibiotics, effective against many Gram-positive bacteria.
What is penicillin?
This resistance mechanism involves bacteria pumping antibiotics out of their cells, preventing the drugs from reaching their targets.
What is an efflux pump?
This severe condition can result from antibiotic use, caused by the overgrowth of Clostridium difficile in the intestines.
pseudomembranous colitis
A patient returns from a trip to a tropical region and develops severe watery diarrhea described as “rice water stools.” Laboratory tests show the presence of a comma-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium.
What is Vibrio cholerae?
In this phase, bacteria experience exponential growth, doubling at a constant rate.
What is the log (or exponential) phase?
This class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome, with tetracycline being a common example.
What are tetracyclines?
This process allows bacteria to acquire antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria, even from different species.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
What type of antibiotic is associated with 8th cranial nerve and nephrotoxicity?
what are aminoglycosides?
A hospitalized patient with a urinary catheter develops a urinary tract infection. Lab tests identify a Gram-negative rod that produces a distinctive pinkish-red pigment on agar plates.
What is Serratia marcescens?
During this phase, the growth rate slows and the number of new cells equals the number of dying cells.
What is the stationary phase?
This antibiotic disrupts bacterial cell walls by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, making it particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
What is vancomycin?
What enzyme gives bacteria resistance to penicillin?
beta-lactamase
This type of antibiotic is associated with Gray baby syndrome?
What is chloramphenicol?
A patient experiences a sore throat, low-grade fever, and grayish membrane covering the throat and tonsils. Gram-positive rods are identified, and toxin testing is positive.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
This term describes bacteria that thrive at moderate temperatures, typically around 20-45°C.
What are mesophiles?
This antibiotic is commonly used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria and is known to inhibit DNA gyrase.
What is ciprofloxacin?
What type of resistance genes are usually found in the bacterial chromosome (not on a plasmid)
target modification (ribosomal genes are in the bacterial chromosome)
This type of antibiotic chelated cations causing brown teeth in young children.
What is tetracycline.
A newborn develops meningitis shortly after birth. The mother tested positive for a Gram-positive coccus during her third trimester but was not treated. Cultures reveal a catalase-negative, beta-hemolytic organism.
What is Group B Streptococcus
This type of bacterial growth medium contains ingredients that allow certain bacteria to grow while inhibiting others.
What is a selective medium?
This type of enzyme, produced by some bacteria, provides resistance by breaking down beta-lactam antibiotics.
What is beta-lactamase?
What organelles are sensitive to ribosomal antibiotics?
Mitochondria and chloroplast
This type of antibiotic can't be used with an SSRI.
What are oxazolidinone antibiotics such as linezolid?
A patient presents with a chronic cough, weight loss, night sweats, and hemoptysis. Acid-fast bacilli are identified in sputum samples.
What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?