Drug Interactions
This common food inhibits the CYP450 enzyme system, dramatically increasing drug levels.
What is grapefruit?
This is a severe hypersensitivity reaction involving mucocutaneous symptoms often caused by certain drugs.
What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)?
This pharmacokinetic change occurs in older adults due to decreased renal function, requiring dose adjustments.
What is decreased drug excretion?
This agency is responsible for ensuring the safety, effectiveness, and post-marketing surveillance of drugs.
What is the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
This reporting system allows healthcare professionals and the public to report adverse effects caused by medications.
What is MedWatch?
These drugs interact with CYP450 enzymes as inhibitors, potentially leading to toxicity by decreasing drug metabolism.
What are calcium channel blockers, SSRIs, or statins?
Drugs like penicillin and sulfa drugs can trigger this immune-mediated reaction, even in tiny doses.
What is an allergic reaction?
Infants under one year old are at increased risk for drug toxicity because this protective barrier is immature.
What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
The FDA does not conduct drug testing themselves but relies on these entities to provide trial data for review.
What are drug companies (or sponsors)?
Name confusion, such as between LASA (look-alike/sound-alike) drugs, can be reduced by using this method of emphasizing key parts of drug names
What is TALLman lettering?
This type of drug interaction occurs when two drugs compete for the same receptor site, resulting in either an agonist or antagonist effect.
What is a pharmacodynamic interaction?
A patient taking ondansetron develops dizziness and palpitations due to this heart-related adverse reaction.
What is QT prolongation or torsades de pointes?
This is a tool designed to identify potentially inappropriate medications in older adults.
What is the BEERs criteria?
This phase of drug approval involves testing medications on 20-80 healthy volunteers.
What is Phase 1 of the clinical investigation?
A key strategy to reduce oral and written communication errors is to do this after receiving verbal orders.
What is "read back verbal orders"?
Bulk-forming laxatives like Metamucil can reduce the efficacy of other medications by doing this.
What is binding to the drug and removing it from the body?
Medications that can cause liver failure require regular monitoring of these lab values.
What are liver function tests (LFTs), including AST, ALT, and bilirubin?
DAILY
DOUBLE
What is dosing based on body surface area (BSA) or weight (mg/kg/day)?
Drugs like Vioxx and Rezulin were removed from the market due to issues identified during this phase of drug approval.
What is post-marketing surveillance?
Hazardous drugs are categorized by their potential to cause these effects at low doses. (5 possible answers)
What are carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, organ toxicity, genotoxicity, or reproductive toxicity?
When given together, morphine and valium increase sedation by acting on this part of the body.
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
This adverse reaction is the opposite of the intended drug effect, such as hyperactivity in children taking diphenhydramine.
What is a paradoxical effect?
Older adults have increased body fat and decreased muscle mass, which alters the distribution of these types of drugs.
What are lipophilic (fat-soluble) drugs?
This 1970 act regulates drugs with abuse potential and assigns them to schedules based on medical use and risk.
What is the Controlled Substances Act?
DAILY
DOUBLE
What is the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)?