Anti-hypertensives
These medications interrupt the RAAS system by preventing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor to decrease peripheral vasoconstriction.
What are •Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Vaughan William Class I anti-arrhythmics block these channels to affect influx the influx of ions into myocardial cells in Phase 0 & 4 of fast potentials to slow propagation of impulses.
What are sodium channels?
This direct acting skeletal muscle relaxant decreases the release of calcium in response to action potentials from the neuromuscular junction. It is used for malignant hyperthermia and for spasticity in cerebral palsy & muscular sclerosis.
What is dantrolene?
This medication is an antagonist at nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction. It is a depolarizing agent that can cause malignant hyperthermia in some patients.
What is succinylcholine?
This drug is a dissociative anesthetic can cause dissociation at higher doses. It has less respiratory depression compared to other sedatives.
What is ketamine?
This is the fastest acting antihypertensive. It causes vasodilation in both arterioles and veins and can cause cyanide toxicity in patients.
What is sodium nitroprusside?
These two class 1C antiarrhythmics decrease conduction velocity and delay ventricular repolarization. They are reserved for refractory lethal arrhythmias.
What are flecainide and propafenone?
This adrenergic agonist acts solely on alpha 1 receptors to cause vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure.
What is phenylephrine?
A patient has symptoms of emesis, salivation, diarrhea, GI discomfort and frequent urination. The doctor diagnosis him with organophosphate poisoning. What two drugs can be used to treat this patient?
What are atropine and pralidoxime (2-PAM)?
This oral medication is a combination of a partial opioid agonist and an opioid antagonist. It provides pain relief without euphoria. If crushed and injected or inhaled, it will induce immediate opioid withdrawal.
What is Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone)?
This class of medications are Class II antiarrhythmics. They block an adrenergic receptor to decrease contractility of the heart and decrease renin from RAAS system to decrease peripheral vasoconstriction.
What are beta blockers?
Class III anti-arrhythmics block the efflux of potassium in fast potentials to prolong repolarization and the refractory period. These two drugs are included in this class.
What are amiodarone and beryllium?
Medications such as baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol and carisoprodol are central acting agents in this group. They are all sedating.
What are skeletal muscle relaxants?
Scopolamine and atropine block acetylcholine at these receptors.
What are muscarinic receptors?
This class of medications act on GABA receptors to inhibit responses to stimuli. Flumazenil can be administered for toxicity.
What are benzodiazepines?
These drugs are a group of calcium channel blockers that act in vascular smooth muscles in arterioles to cause vasodilation. They can cause peripheral edema.
What are dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers? Examples include nifedipine, clevidipine and amlodipine.
These two non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers decrease automaticity of the SA & AV nodes and decrease conduction through AV node.
What are verapamil & diltiazem?
These two sympathomimetics are balanced adrenergic agonists that act on alpha 1, beta 1 and beta 2 receptors to cause increased blood pressure. These are the same two neurotransmitters released from the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation.
What are norepinephrine and epinephrine?
This medication is a muscarinic anticholinergic medication used to treat functional bowel/irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by relaxing stomach and intestinal muscles to reduce cramping.
What is dicyclomine?
This medication is a CNS stimulant used in neonates for apnea of prematurity.
What is caffeine?
Loop diuretics like furosemide block sodium reabsorption in this part of the nephron to reduce sodium(Na+) reabsorption and increase sodium and water excretion.
What is the ascending Loop of Henle?
These 3 Class 1A anti-arrhythmics slow conduction & decrease the rate of repolarization. However, they also widen QRS & prolong the QT interval.
What are disopyramide, quinidine, and procainamide?
This long-acting non-competitive alpha antagonist is used to treat severe high blood pressure, headaches, sweating, and rapid heartbeat resulting from a pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal gland.
What is phenoxybenzamine?
If a patient is red as a beet, hot as the desert, mad as a hatter, blind as a bat and dry as a bone, they have this type of toxicity?
What is anticholinergic?
These drugs can be used to treat psychiatric conditions. They can cause extrapyramidal symptoms (muscle tremors, tics), orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction and prolonged QT interval.
What are antipsychotics?