Anatomy of the NS
What are the branches of the central NS?
brain and spinal cord
What methods do we use when measuring sleep cycles?
EEG, EOG, and EMG
what is synaptic transmission?
the process of an electrical signal being transformed into a chemical signal; communication between neurons through synapse
what two structures are responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens?
the ligaments flatten and the ciliary muscles make it rounded
what is the definition of drug tolerance?
decreased sensitivity to drug effect that results from prior exposure
What are the two main branches underneath the Peripheral NS?
somatic and autonomic NS
Why would you use one technique over the other?
what you suspect is wrong determines what technique you use to image
what is presynaptic inhibition
= reduces a neuron's output by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from its terminal by affecting the influx of calcium ions.
is rhodopsin active/inactive in the dark?
it is inactive and rod is slightly depolarized; Na+ channels partially open; influx of glutamate
how do we measure drug tolerance?
1. by measuring the decrease in response elicited by same dose
2. by measuring increase in amount of drug to get the same effect
What is the sympathetic NS in charge of?
fight or flight
Why use animal subjects instead of humans?
humans aren’t walking around with electrodes on them and in contrast you can do this with rats
what is postsynaptic inhibition
reduces a neuron's output by hyperpolarizing/decreasing the excitability of the postsynaptic neuron, makes it less likely to fire AP
Which layers are the magnocellular layers and which are the parvocellular layers?
magnocellular are the inner two and parvocellular are the outer four
what is sensitization?
your body can become more sensitive to some aspects of the drug affects which may contribute to an over dose.
What is the parasympathetic NS in charge of?
Why and when is scalp electroencephalography useful?
When learning association between tone and shock
what happens during the transport stage of synaptic transmission?
NTs move through microtubules inside vesicles and influx of Ca2+ triggers them to bind with membrane
What is the nucleus of the thalamus involved in the visual perceptual pathway?
the lateral geniculate nucleus
What two kinds of receptors are related to nicotine?
ionotropic and muscarinic
What is the difference between afferent and efferent nerves?
afferent = approach CNS
efferent = motor movement from CNS towards extremities
What are the three kinds of transcranial stimulation?
TC magnetic stim, TC electrical stim,
TC direct current stim
name and describe the two different kinds of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
ionotropic (short, fast acting)
metabotropic (slower, extended release, involving g protien)
what is the Purkinje effect?
our eyes perceive darker colors as brighter when light is hitting the object.
What are the two phenomena related to tolerance?
contingent drug tolerance - must experience effect of drug in order to build tolerance (tested in before and after experiments; pinel research on ethanol and convulsions in rats)
conditioned drug tolerance - environment plays a role in building tolerance so if you take same amount in a new place you might OD