Chemistry
Which bond is the most polar between C-H and C-O
C-O
The two ways by which a substance may cross the blood-brain barrier are ________________
and ________________.
transport ; diffusion
Which route of drug administration is most associated with the risk of dangerous infection?
Intravenous injection
What two important things does the word Pharmakon mean?
Medicine and poison
1) Tobacco smoke affects the lungs due to irritants in the smoke, which are (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) molecules called _________________.
Tars
A molecule that is polar is also _________ and _________ ; while a non-polar molecule is _____and ______, in regards to water and fat respectively.
Hydrophilic, lipophobic
Hydrophobic, lipophilic
What is the function of a reuptake transporter? Where on the cell are these found?
transports neurotransmitters from the synapse back into the axon terminal for reuse; presynaptic terminal
The risk of acute overdosing on tobacco or nicotine is greatest when taken in by which route of administration?
Insufflation
What is the discipline of study concerning matter and its transformations that is considered to predate modern chemistry? Its name is believed to derive from the ancient name of Egypt: black earth land.
Alchemy
What are the different routes of administration for tobacco?
smoking, oral-buccal, intranasal insufflation (dry snuff), oral-digestive (tobacco infusion)-dangerous, rectal-also very dangerous.
What is synaptic plasticity?
the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. Simply put: How your brain adapts to changes. Behaviors are reinforced in our circuitry - thus you should practice happy thinking to influence happy circuitry! :)
What is the role of the liver in regards to drugs?
• make foreign chemicals more water soluble to promote excretion
• often reduces drug activity by modifying the drug; may sometimes enhance it
Describe how scientific fields evolved from each other through History
physics -> chemistry -> biology -> neuroscience -> study of the mind is next? We haven't found ways to explain the mind and human consciousness yet. Will it be next?
What happens in the brain when you smoke tobacco?
combination of stimulation and relaxation - it stimulates the CNS so someone feels more aware, more alert but at the same time very relaxed. Profound anxiolytic effect. How does it do that: we don't know. There is not a precise sympathetic or parasympathomimetic effect.
A snake or dragon eating its tail is called _____, and it is an ancient symbol from alchemical texts that represents death and rebirth among other interactions.
Bonus: how does this relate to chemistry?
Ouroborous
A researcher accidentally spills an unlabeled solution on her brain tissue. However, after examining the tissue under the light microscope she identifies the solution to have been a Golgi stain solution because ______:
she could see around 1% of neurons fully stained.
Associate the time to the brain and their route of administration
20 min: oral-digestive route
3min: intraoral, intranasal, rectal, IM, IP
20 seconds: IV
10 seconds: inhalation/smoking
many minutes to hours: IM
Who was Richard Evans Schultes?
pioneering ethnobotanist who spent his career working at Harvard
How do lung cancer deaths compare to the cigarette smoking trend?
the graphs are perfect mirrors but with a lag of about 20 years (time for cancer to develop)
Why is ethanol a good solvent?
because it has both a lipophilic/hydrophobic part and a lipophobic/hydrophilic part and can thus dissolved both water soluble and fat soluble substances
When a drug is applied to the eye to induce dilation of the pupil, the ________ muscles within the iris are activated and pupil size _________. This drug could be categorized as __________.
radial ; increases ; parasympatholytic
How does the placebo effect interfere with the time it take for a drug to have an effect on your brain?
expecting an effect will make your brain feel this effect before the drug molecule even reaches your brain