DSJ Psychology Unit 1 Part II Review

P

100

What is a self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis?

Scientific Method

200

What is a statistical index of the relationship between two things that helps us figure out how closely two things vary together?

Correlation Coefficient

300

What is the gap between the lowest and the highest scores?

Range of Scores

400

Experiments enable researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by doing what two things?

1. Manipulating the factor of Interest

2. Holding constant other factors

500

Name the 3 principles we should keep in mind when deciding if it is safe to generalize from a sample.

• Representative samples are better than biased samples. 
• Less-variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable. 
• More cases are better than fewer. 

S

100

A good theory produces testable predictions, called what?

Hypotheses

200

Psychologists report their research with precise, measurable operational definitions of procedures and concept to serve as a check on what?

Biases

300

What works to minimize preexisting differences between the group before any treatment effects occur?

Random Assignment

400

What is it called when an experimental results are caused by expectations alone; and effects on behaviors caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which recipient assumes is an active agent.

The Placebo Effect

500

Name the 3 types of scores used to summarize data when measuring central tendency.

1. Mode

2. Mean

3. Median

Y

100

What is a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data?

Normal Curve

200

What is anything that contributes to the result of an experiment?

Variables

300

What are graphed clusters of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables.

Scatterplots

400

What is an experiment procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment?

Double-blind Procedure

500

Name the three roadblocks to critical thinking.

1. hindsight bias

2.overconfidence

3. perceiving patterns in random events

C

100

What indicates the likelihood that a result could have happened by chance?

Statistical significance 

200

What is a descriptive method using in-depth analysis of individuals or groups?

Case Study

300

What standard of measuring is a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score?

Standard Deviation

400

What is a key goal of experimental design that means the experiment will test what it is supposed to test?

Validity 

500

A Theory is useful if what three things hold true?

1. organizes observations

2. implies predictions that anyone can use to check the theory or to derive practical applications. 

3. stimulate further research that leads to a revised theory that better organizes and predicts.

H

100

In an experiment what is the outcome that is measured?

Dependent Variable

200

In an experiment what is a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence the results?

Confounding Variables 

300

What is perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship?

Illusory Correlation 

400

Name the four ethic codes psychologists should follow when doing experiments on humans.

1. obtain potential participants’ informed consent 

2. protect participants from greater-than-usual harm and discomfort

3. keep information about individual participants confidential

4. fully debrief people

500

The two issues that have emerged in the debate over whether to use animals in research are:

• Is it right to place the well-being of humans above that of other animals?
• What safeguards should protect the well-being of animals in research?