DSJ Psychology Unit 4 Review

P

100

What is the process of decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus know as?

Habituation

200

What is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli like the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?

Generalization 

300

What is learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?

Latent Learning

400

Learning our native language and various other specific behaviors by observing and imitating others is a process called what?

Modeling

500

Explain what most psychologists believe to be the 4 major drawbacks of physical punishment.

• Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten. This temporary state may (negatively) reinforce parents’ punishing behavior.
• Punishment teaches discrimination among situations. In operant conditioning, discrimination occurs when an organism learns that certain responses, but not others, will be reinforced.
• Punishment can teach fear. In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when an organism’s response to similar stimuli is also reinforced.
• Physical punishment may increase aggression by modeling violence as a way to cope with problems.

S

100

In classical conditioning, what is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?

Spontaneous Recovery 

200

What is the diminishing of a conditioned response?

Extinction 

300

What is a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment?

Extrinsic Motivation

400

What is our ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for longer-term rewards?

Self-control

500

Name the 4 schedules of partial reinforcement that Skinner and his collaborators compared.

Fixed-ratio Schedule 

Variable-ratio Schedule

Fixed-interval Schedule

Variable-interval Schedule

Y

100

What are located in the frontal lobe and fire when we perform certain actions or observe another person doing so?

Mirror Neurons 

200

What is a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus?

Higher-Order Conditioning 

300

What is any consequence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior?

Punisher

400

People who believe they control their own destiny have what?

Internal Locus of Control

500

Name the two main forms of condition learning.

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning 

C

100

What strengthens a response by reducing or removing a punishing event?

Negative Reinforcers 

200

In classical conditioning, what is an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response?

Conditioned Stimulus

300

What is an innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies an unlearned biological need?

Primary Reinforcer 

400

A series of bad events beyond our personal control creates a state of what?

Learned Helplessness 

500

According to Skinner good school instruction demands what two things?

1. Students must be told immediately whether what they do is right or wrong.

2. When right, they must be directed to the step to be taken next.

H

100

What is it called when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns?

Instinctive Drift 

200

In classical conditioning, and unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus is called what?

Unconditioned Response

300

What is an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior?

Shaping

400

What is attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a problem and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction?

Emotional-focused coping

500

Rewards are most likely to increase productivity if the desired performance is what two things?

Well-defined

Achievable