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The most powerful symbols are those that make up what?
Language
What are norms of great moral significance and are vital to the well-being of a society?
Mores
Hippies
What are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials?
Laws
What are norms so strong that its violation demands punishment by the group?
Taboos
What are ideas about the nature of reality that people base their behavior on?
Beliefs
What are genetically inherited patterns of behavior?
Instincts
What is the debate over the balance between genetics and environmental factors called?
Nature Vs Nurture
What is the study of how biology influences human behavior called?
Sociobiology
What are rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving but lack strong moral overtones?
Folkways
What are common cultural traits shared by all societies called?
Cultural Universals
What is the feeling of surprise and confusion people may feel when they encounter cultural practices different form their own?
Cultural Shock
What type of culture refers to cultural guidelines publicly embraced by members of a society?
Ideal Culture
What are rewards and punishments used to encourage conformity to norms?
Sanctions
What type of culture involves beliefs, ideas, and knowledge?
Nonmaterial
Term culture refers to what 5 things in a society?
Knowledge, Language, Values/Beliefs, Customs, and Physical Objects
When people judge others in terms of their own cultural standards it is referred to as what?
Ethnocentrism
What is a subculture that is deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs?
Counter Culture
What type of culture refers to cultural patterns practiced by traditional groups often in isolation?
Folk Culture
What type of culture refers to cultural patterns what are widespread among society's population?
Pop Culture
Explain how the 3 Theoretical perspectives most widely used by sociologists explain the role of culture:
Functionalism - Culture is a system for meeting basic needs.
Conflict Theory - Culture helps maintain the privileges and positions of powerful groups in society by reinforcing dominate ideology.
Symbolic Interactionism - Culture is transmitted and perpetuated through social interaction.
What are the three factors that sociologists have identified that cause change in social norms and cultures over time?
Inventions
Discovery
Diffusion
Name the 6 Values that have traditionally guided the daily lives of most people in the U.S.
1. Achievement and Success
2. Activity and Work
3. Efficiency and Practicality
4. Equality
5. Democracy
6. Group Superiority
Name 4 cultural universals that American anthropologist George Murdock identified for any society.
Sports, Cooking, Courtship, division of labor, education, etiquette, funeral rites, family, government, Hospitality, Housing, inheritance, joking, language, medicine, mourning, music, property rights, religions rites, sexual restrictions, status difference, and tool making.
5 factors that promote cultural diversity in the U.S. and other countries are:
Immigration, Globalism, better/faster communication, travel, cultural relevance