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100
Define Gelatinization [1]
gelatinization breaks down the intermolecular bonds of sttarch molecules in the presence of water and temperature
100
Outline one way in which the process of gelatinization affects the properties of bread [2]
Texture [1] •starch granules which are gritty become smooth/gel-like when gelatinization[1]
100
Define unsaturated fatty acid[1]
one in which there are double bonds between the carbons of the fatty acid chains
100
Outline one reason why a balanced diet should contain some fat [2]
*fat acts as a vehicle to help the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins; these prevent fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies; *fat provides energy; low fat diets may not provide enough energy; *some fatty acids are essential; they cannot be produced by the body and must be provided by the diet for health
100
State the range of body mass index (BMI) that is considered to be overweight [1]
25–29.9;
200
List two drivers for the development of new food products [2]
Any two of the following: •lifestyle factors •health •the environment •consumer demands/convenience cost •technological developments/processing equipment/packaging materials •profitability/increased market share •entering new markets
200
(B) Describe the importance of unsaturated fats to health [2]
•good for health [1] •essential compounds/cannot be produced in the body (cell membranes, etc.)[1]
200
(a)List functions of the packaging of Coca-Cola [2]
Any two of the following: •keeping the contents clean/fresh/safe •maintaining carbonations /keeping drink frizzy •the packaging is labelled to provide information about contents •marketing/the package enables the promotion of others products •security/packaging needs to ensure that the product is not tampered with •the packaging must be easily opened and resealed to avoid spillage
200
Outline one way in which lifestyle factors contribute to the increased incidence of food poisoning [2]
•more people eating away from home •commercial food production(where food may be kept warm for extended periods) •is more risky than small-scale domestic food production(where food is often cooked fresh and eaten immediately or •increased consumption of ready meals •problems with storage and reheating may lead to increased risk of food poisoning or •increased in microwave cooking for quickness •consumers may not check that food is thoroughly cooked/piping hot or •supermarkets have food offers/bulk buys •consumers may store food too long or •breakdown in tradition of family meals •decrease in cooking skills
200
Outline one limitation of using BMI as a health indicator [2]
*Measures total body weight not the amount of fat a person is carrying; fat may not be responsible for the weight they carry; * athletes, e.g. rugby players and weight lifters, and people who are naturally stocky often have a BMI indicating they are overweight; their BMI is higher due to extra muscle/bone mass not because of excess body fat; *some athletes, e.g. long distance runners, will be underweight according to their BMI; this is due to low body fat and aerobic slow twitch muscle fibres, which develop naturally as a result of their particular sport; * elderly people and people who have been ill may have lost muscle mass; they will appear to be underweight although it is normal to lose muscle mass/body fat in old age/poor health; *a BMI in the normal range does not necessarily indicate someone is in good health; they may also be carrying more body fat than is good for them;
300
The Label on a bottle of vegetable oil shows: Ingredients : vegetable oil ,ascorbyl palmitate (A) Identify the role of ascorbyl palmitate in the vegetable oil [2]
•Antioxidant [1] •prevents oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids in the vegetable[1]
300
Describe the temperature danger zone for bacterial growth [2]
•Above 10°C [1] •Below 63°C [1]
300
(A) Explain the significance of the resistance of crops to the herbicide Roundup™[3]
•genetic modification of soybeans can make them resistant to the herbicide Roundup™ (which contains glyphosphate) •they are able to grow unaffected/not killed when treated with Roundup™ •when soybean fields are treated with Roundup™ only weeds die
300
Explain one implication of excess fat intake for health [2]
*high dietary fat intakes, especially of saturated fat, can lead to increased levels of cholesterol; *his can lead to coronary heart disease/obesity; *resulting in poor health
300
Outline one important consideration relating to the members of a taste panel
*taste panel members must match the target market for the product, e.g. children or adults; *foods designed for one target market may not suit the taste of other markets;
400
Explain two reasons why a number of products which do not contain nuts are labelled with warnings that they may contain traces of nuts. [6]
Factory produces nut products •contamination is a possibility •manufacturer )needs to cover him/herself by careful labelling •safeguard for the manufacturer against potential legal action by labelling lots of people especially children , have allergies to nuts •some people suffering a nut allergy can die as a result of anaphylactic shock (severe immune reaction) •if there is any chance that a food might contain or be contaminated by nuts it must be clearly labelled food processing is often batch production •when a mixer or other piece of food processing equipment finishes one batch it may used to mix a batch of another recipe without being cleaned •thus the next recipe may be contaminated with traces of nuts
400
Discuss one reason why manufacturers might not want to label genetically-modified crops or their products. [3]
•in some countries consumer are nervous of GM crops/concerned about the effects of GM foods on humans •Thus GM crops may be less acceptable than non-GM crops/may be avoided by consumers •manufacturers may prefer to focus on positive aspects of product (nutritional information/taste characteristics,etc.) and hide GM origins
400
Outline one way in which the packaging of Coca-Cola ha contributed to the development of the Coca-Cola brand [2]
•The shape of the bottle same as original design/easily recognized •even when produced in plastic rather than glass/it has become synonymous with the product/what it stands for or •the colour/lettering is consistent and is recognizable even when not on the bottle •this make sit useful from sponsorship,e.g. sports sponsorship •uses same packaging for family of products or •identifiable/recognizable •promotes consumer confidence/facilitates product launch for new products in family
400
outline how sun drying of tomatoes preserves them[2]
*lowers water activity/reduces water content; *this prevents bacterial growth;
400
State one reason why the pasteurization process extends the shelf life of milk [1]
*it kills off the bacteria in the milk; (do not accept “kills off bugs”)
500
Describe one influence of ascorbyl palmitate on the shelf life of vegetable oil [2]
One of the following: •extends the shelf-life of the vegetable oil •prevents rancidity/prevents the formation of off-flavours in the oil
500
Explain three ways in which on-farm processing can enhance farm sustainability [9]
•on-farm processing produces products of higher value than the raw materials form which they are made •thus a larger share of the food dollar stays in the control of the farmer •this enhances farm sustainability •on-farm processing creates more work in local communities •thus more people can stay and work in rural communities •jobs related to on-farm processing are more likely skilled and more interesting than traditional farm work •small-scale food processing can be more appropriate than mass-production •craft-produced foods/food of known provenance command higher prices •on-farm processing of foods represents a very lucrative form of farm diversification •consumer attitudes •farm shops/farmers markets •have helps change purchasing habits/support for local farmers •reduced transport costa for farmer •raw materials do not need to be transported for processing •saves time/saves money/increases profit/sustainability
500
Explain the influence of market pull and technology push on the development of new food products [6]
Market pull •there is an increasing demand for lower cost foods •more people live alone and many people do not have cooking skills •ready meals can be more cost-effective for single people •there is an increasing demand for more and more convenience foods •working women for example may have less time for cooking/families may not want to sit to eat together •ready meals can be regenerated quickly using microwave/oven heating Technological push •freezers/blast chillers •aid in the production of frozen/chilled ready meals •enhance shelf life of product •microwaves •make it easy to regenerate/heat food •have promoted the development of ready meals •packaging materials/vacuum packaging •enhanced properties •keep food safe/fresh in transit/storage
500
Discuss how health awareness affects fat, fibre, and sugar intakes [9]
Fat •eating to much fat, especially saturated fat , can rise cholesterol levels in the blood •this can lead to furring /narrowing of the arteries/cardiovascular disease •reducing fat intake and increasing the contribution of unsaturated fat (especially polyunsaturated fats) is considered good health Fibre •dietary fibre is important for health of the gut/ to prevent constipation •low fibre intakes can lead to a range of problems including increased cholesterol levels/cancer of the colon •eating high fibre diet will reduce the risk of the these problems Sugar •high intakes of refined sugar can lead to dental caries, increased likelihood of diabetes/obesity •excess sugar is converted to fat which is stored in the body/can lead to heart disease •reducing the intake of refined carbohydrates is better for health
500
Explain two lifestyle issues which have contributed to an expanded market for organic products in some countries. [6]
*increased health awareness and concerns about food scares, e.g. mad cow disease, salmonella in eggs; people are more interested/concerned about where food comes from; organic products often have a known provenance; *fashion and media influences; it is “cool” to be organic; makes a statement (ideopleasure); *ethical considerations; concerns about factory farming and animal rights issues; organic produce seen to be more appropriate; * supermarkets have promoted organic produce; this gives it a higher consumer profile; although more expensive, people are prepared to pay a premium for organic products as they are perceived to be better; * increase in leisure time; more people have the opportunity to grow produce; and guidance is readily available; * taste/flavour; many consumers think that organic produce tastes better; because they grow under natural conditions; *marketing of “grow your own” kits by DIY stores etc.; encourages consumers to produce their own food; by providing seeds/plants in containers with nutrients/instructions